IB Marine Science Standard Level (SL) Practice Exam

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• Which relationship benefits both species?
• In an ecosystem, which factor includes interactions among living organisms such as predation and competition?
• The longshore transport of sediment along a shoreline, driven by oblique waves, is known as what?
• What is the horizontal distance between two successive wave crests (or troughs) in a progressive wave?
• What term describes the state of the atmosphere at a specific place and time?
• Which property change defines a halocline in the ocean?
• Which sediment grain size category ranges from 0.0625 to 2 millimeters?
• Light bending phenomenon.
• Ascending columns of superheated mantle originating at the core-mantle boundary.
• Which class includes snakes, lizards, and turtles?
• Which landform is formed by wave action carving cliffs and leaving a platform at the base?
• An atoll is best described as:
• Which landform is a long, narrow hill formed by glacial till aligned in the direction of ice movement?
• Which current is driven by powerful westerly winds north of Antarctica and is the largest of all ocean currents, continuing eastward indefinitely?
• What is the innermost layer of Earth, primarily iron with nickel?
• Which term denotes sediments that settle through the water column away from coastlines?
• Which interaction benefits one organism at the expense of the other?
• Which term denotes the phylum consisting of animals with pore-bearing bodies and no true tissues?
• Commensalism is best defined as?
• Osmoregulation refers to
• Which oceanographic term describes a vertical layer where salinity changes rapidly with depth?
• Which term refers to organisms that tolerate only a narrow range of temperatures?
• Which phenomenon describes a southward flowing warm water current off the western coast of South America caused by breakdown of trade winds?
• Which term is used for a basic progressive wave where the wave form travels in one direction along the surface?
• Which of the following best describes the Deep Zone in the ocean?
• Which term describes the deflection of moving objects caused by Earth's rotation, with no effect at the equator?
• The oxygen minimum zone is best described as which of the following?
• Mass flow of water induced by the raising or lowering of sea level owing to passage of tidal crests or troughs.
• Which term would most accurately describe a microorganism that thrives in extremely hot environments?
• Area of irregular, seismically inactive topography marking the position of a once-active transform fault.
• Which landform is a sandbank that runs roughly parallel to the shoreline and is formed by the deposition from longshore drift?
• Which term would you use to describe a barrier–oriented construction that intercepts longshore drift and creates a sheltered water behind it, often requiring maintenance?
• The Deep Zone of the ocean is characterized by?
• Teleostei are a subgroup within which larger vertebrate group?
• Which term best describes sediment composed of the calcareous shells of marine microorganisms such as foraminifera?
• Cold, dense water formed in the Arctic that flows onto the floor of the North Atlantic Ocean is called?
• The height of the ocean surface averaged over a few years is known as what?
• What term describes carbon-containing organic compounds dissolved in water?
• Which process uses chemical energy to synthesize organic matter, typical in hydrothermal vent ecosystems?
• Swash is best described as:
• The line along which waters of different density converge, forming boundaries between major climate zones?
• Which term describes the layer of the ocean where the sound channel exists, enabling long-range acoustic propagation?
• The term describing the physical condition of matter in terms of phases such as solid, liquid, or gas?
• Which mammalian order includes dogs, cats, and seals?
• Which term refers to a tidal cycle with two high tides and two low tides per day, but with unequal heights between high tides?
• Which sediment forms from precipitation of minerals directly from seawater?
• What term names the view that Earth’s surface features were formed by catastrophic events rather than slow, gradual processes?
• What term refers to inherited traits that improve an organism's fitness in a given environment?
• What term refers to the hard, fibrous substance in the exoskeletons of arthropods and cell walls of fungi?
• Which term describes the deep ocean zone associated with trenches?
• Which term describes the energy required to change a liquid to a gas at its boiling point?
• Which organism is a crustacean zooplankton commonly found in marine ecosystems?
• Which term refers to the farthest point in a satellite's orbit from the Earth?
• Which term describes the energy-transporting location around which tide crests rotate in some basins?
• Which statement correctly defines a biological community?
• Which sediment is defined as sediment of biological origin formed from calcareous or siliceous debris?
• Which progressive wave has particles move in closed circles?
• Which term describes an external skeleton found in arthropods and some mollusks?
• A unit of volume transport named in honor of oceanographer Harald U. Sverdrup: 1 million cubic meters of water flowing past a fixed point each second.
• Tunicates are invertebrate marine animals also known as which of the following?
• Which phylum is characterized by a water vascular system?
• Movement of air off shore as marine air heats and rises.
• Which term describes the density, typically expressed in grams per cubic centimeter?
• Which term describes the ability of a substance to store thermal energy, defined as the amount of heat required to raise its temperature by 1°C?
• Which term describes the steep transition between continental crust and oceanic crust at the edge of a continent?
• Acoustical Tomography senses differences in which properties to study ocean structure?
• A wave in which the water is deeper than one-half of its wavelength is termed a...
• What term describes the number of wave crests passing a fixed point per unit time?
• A current flowing beneath a surface current, usually in the opposite direction.
• Which crust type is predominantly composed of granitic rocks and forms the landmasses?
• Tide caused by the gravitational and inertial interaction of the sun and Earth.
• Which cycle involves the exchange of carbon among the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms?
• Identify the term for shallow, wind-driven circulation of water in horizontal spiral bands.
• Which landform is formed at a river mouth by sediment deposition, often expanding into a fan-shaped area?
• Ocean wave conditions at a specific place and time, usually stated in the Beaufort scale.
• Boundary between the polar cell and the Ferrel cell in each hemisphere.
• The brown algae, commonly large seaweeds found in temperate coastal waters, belong to which division?
• What is the raised ridge at the back of a beach formed by deposited sediments called?
• The subtraction of wave energy as waves interact, producing smaller waves is known as what?
• Which term describes a sea urchin's taxonomic classification?
• The temperature above which a material loses its magnetism.
• Estuaries often contain brackish water due to mixing of
• The mass per unit volume of a substance, usually expressed in grams per cubic centimeter.
• Which ocean zone is characterized by little to no sunlight?
• What instrument is used to obtain long, continuous sediment cores from the seabed?
• Which sediment is finer than sand and commonly forms in calm water conditions?
• Which term best describes a mechanical wave that travels through water and is the basis of underwater sound communication?
• In temperate oceans, a pronounced thermocline is most likely found in which depth range during warm seasons?
• A density curve of seawater typically shows density...
• What term describes the solid masses of the continents, composed mainly of granite?
• What characterizes a Partially Mixed Estuary?
• Which term describes the highest level consumer in a marine food chain that preys on other consumers?
• Which term denotes the group of green algae?
• Which structure is used for gas exchange in many aquatic animals, including fish?
• A breaking wave whose crest slides down the face is called what?
• Molten rock capable of fluid flow; called lava above the ground.
• Which term refers to organisms that cannot tolerate significant changes in salinity?
• Which coastal feature is the depression that lies between the shore and offshore longshore bars?
• Which reef forms directly along the coastline in shallow tropical waters, often extending from the shore?
• A ridge or mound of unconsolidated debris deposited by a glacier is called what?
• Which coastal feature is a steep face formed by the retreat of the beach due to erosion?
• Which organism is a microscopic plankton with a silica shell, often used in paleoceanography?
• Which class includes squid and octopus?
• In sonar, the region where acoustic signals are not received due to refraction is called?
• What is the transfer of heat through matter by direct particle-to-particle contact called?
• The Water-Vascular System is a characteristic feature of which group?
• Local or regional atmospheric disturbances characterized by strong winds often accompanied by precipitation.
• What term describes the microbial pathway that channels dissolved organic matter back into the food web via bacteria and microzooplankton?
• The unit used to express water temperature on the Celsius scale is?
• Which term describes sediment of biological origin formed from the accumulation of organic remains such as shells?
• A deep, V-shaped valley running roughly perpendicular to the shoreline and cutting across the edge of the continental shelf and slope.
• Which organism is commonly classified as macroplankton?
• Which term describes marine organisms that produce calcareous plates contributing to carbonate sediments?
• Which statement best describes a Sea Cave?
• Which rock type forms the seabed crust and has a density of about 2.9 g/cm^3?
• Cephalopoda, a class containing octopus and squid, belongs to which phylum?
• Which term is used to describe the group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring?
• Which mollusk class includes snails and slugs?
• Which term describes the skeletons of sharks and rays composed primarily of cartilage?
• What is a hydrogen bond?
• What term describes the net transport of water resulting from the Ekman spiral?
• The rigid portion of Earth's mantle below the asthenosphere.
• Which term refers to the continental margin near an area of lithospheric plate convergence, also known as the Pacific-type Margin?
• Which term refers to a sea state with many wavelengths creating a chaotic surface?
• Which coastal structure is built perpendicular to the shoreline to trap sand on the updrift side?
• Which term describes animals without a backbone?
• Which term describes a fracture in a rock mass along which movement has occurred?
• Which term describes a standing wave pattern formed by resonance in a basin due to tidal or meteorological forces?
• Which term describes sediment derived from land sources?
• Which coastal zone lies between high and low tide lines and is regularly wetted by waves?
• What term describes periodic short-term change in the ocean surface height at a location, caused by gravitational force and inertia?
• What term refers to mature wind-driven waves of one wavelength that form orderly undulations on the ocean surface?
• Which term denotes the class that includes humans and whales?
• What is the basic unit of an element that consists of a nucleus and electrons?
• Which subatomic particle has positive charge?
• What term is used for the resistance experienced by a moving organism in water?
• Which single-celled marine organism forms calcium carbonate shells called tests?
• Which sediment is an ooze composed mostly of hard remains of organisms containing calcium carbonate?
• Which feature is a curved chain of volcanic islands and seamounts that forms parallel to the edge of a trench?
• Which term describes the evolution of similar traits in unrelated species due to similar environmental pressures?
• Which term best describes the layer of gas surrounding a planet?
• Which term denotes the steep, eroded face that can remain on a beach after shoreline retreat?
• Which term refers to very small free-floating photosynthetic organisms that often dominate open-ocean surface waters?
• Which term best describes mature wind-generated waves that have traveled away from their generation area?
• Which term describes the rigid outer layer of Earth including crust and uppermost mantle?
• Which term denotes the membranes involved in respiration for aquatic organisms?
• The Oxygen Revolution refers to the rise of oxygen in Earth's atmosphere and oceans primarily due to
• Which taxonomic group includes many red seaweed species and is represented by Rhodophyta?
• Viscosity is a measure of which property of a fluid?
• Which group comprises cartilaginous fishes like sharks and rays?
• Which term describes animals whose body temperature varies with the environment?
• Which current encircles Antarctica and is driven by westerly winds?
• What term refers to the crest of the wave causing tides; not a tsunami or seismic sea wave?
• Which organism group includes plants and some bacteria that synthesize their own organic matter?
• Which structure acts as the anchor for many seaweeds to attach to substrates?
• Which term describes the uppermost ocean layer affected by wind mixing and sunlight?
• What is the rigid silica cell wall of diatoms called?
• Which term refers to the sediment composed mainly of clay particles?
• A wave in which energy travels in one direction along the surface.
• Which term describes a close ecological relationship between two species living in proximity, often affecting both?
• Electrons location.
• Which term refers to a shallow coastal water body that is separated from the sea by a barrier such as a sand spit or reef?
• Which marine zone extends from the low tide line to the edge of the continental shelf?
• What term is the point in a satellite's orbit where it is farthest from the Sun?
• In marine vertebrates, osmoregulation in gills is primarily mediated by which cells?
• Which term describes the daytime onshore flow from sea to land as the land heats?
• Which sediment type is characterized by a wide range of grain sizes due to poor sorting?
• Which whale suborder includes baleen whales?
• Which feature consists of rounded masses of metal oxides and hydroxides commonly found on the deep-sea floor?
• The formation of layers in a material, with deeper layers denser than above.
• What is the buoyancy organ in many bony fishes?
• Which term describes a gradual change in wave direction due to varying depths?
• What does the acronym CCD stand for in marine geology?
• Which term refers to organisms that can withstand only a narrow range of temperatures?
• Platyhelminthes are best described as
• In biology, who is credited with developing the binomial scientific naming system?
• Which term refers to organisms that tolerate only a narrow range of salinities?
• What term describes random heritable changes in DNA that can lead to new traits?
• What is the term for the gently sloping sandy shore that forms along a coastline?
• Which term refers to the reef-building ecosystem found in warm, clear marine waters?
• Which organisms form the base of the food web by converting inorganic carbon into organic matter?
• Which term describes the spatial pattern of individuals with no apparent pattern?
• Ophiuroidea are characterized by
• Which term describes the total energy expenditure of an organism over time?
• What term describes the pattern of alternating strong and weak wave heights due to interference, often called a beating pattern?
• Which zone in aquatic environments is the upper layer where light supports photosynthesis?
• Simultaneous wind waves of many wavelengths forming a chaotic ocean surface.
• What term measures the disorder of a system in thermodynamics?
• Which breaking wave topples forward and forms an air-filled tube?
• Which process enables certain microorganisms to synthesize organic matter using energy derived from chemical reactions, not sunlight?
• Which group includes all mammals?
• Which term refers to the physical environment where an organism lives?
• Which term describes a flowering land plant that produces seeds enclosed in an ovary?
• Which term refers to the seabed community and environments?
• Which statement best defines temperature in the context of oceanography?
• What is the name of the pattern of constructive and destructive interference that causes successive breaking waves to grow and shrink over several minutes?
• Proton placement.
• The high-water position corresponding to a tidal crest is called what?
• A surface expression of a plume of magma rising from a stationary heat source in the mantle is called a?
• Which description best characterizes a climax community?
• Which term best describes the horizontal movement of surface water driven by wind?
• What is the term for the total mass of living matter in a given area or ecosystem?
• Which microscopic plankton has a silica-based skeleton and is used in paleoceanography as indicators?
• Which term describes organisms with a notochord at some life stage, including humans?
• Which term denotes sediment formed when minerals precipitate within the water and accumulate on the seafloor?
• The branch of geology that deals with the arrangement of sedimentary layers and their relative ages is called?
• Which term denotes sediment of biological origin, consisting of calcareous or siliceous residues?
• What term describes the increase in speed of geostrophic currents as they pass along the western boundary of an ocean basin?
• Which organism is able to produce organic matter from inorganic sources using light or chemical energy?
• What is the zone of rising air near the equator known for sultry air and variable breezes?
• Which term is a global-scale circulation phenomenon linked to ENSO cycles?
• Which is the outermost solid layer of Earth, the top of the lithosphere?
• Which tide is caused by gravitational and inertial interaction of the moon and Earth?
• Which unit is named in honor of Sverdrup?
• What term describes the evolution of similar traits in unrelated species due to similar environmental pressures?
• Polar Molecule description.
• Which current study method relies on the movement of a drift bottle or other free-floating object?
• During which event does the eastern South Pacific surface temperature drop below average, usually at end of ENSO?
• Which term describes the energy required for a substance to change from a solid to a liquid at its melting point without a change in temperature?
• What term describes the flat, cold, sediment-covered ocean floor between the continental rise and the oceanic ridge at depths of 3,700 to 5,500 meters?
• In an atom, the nucleus contains?
• Photic Zone process.
• The irregular imaginary line of thermal equilibrium between hemispheres, situated about 5 degrees North of the geographical equator and its positions changes with the seasons, moving slightly North in northern summer.
• Which term is the height-to-wavelength ratio representing the theoretical maximum steepness in shallow water?
• Which current study method measures the current as it flows past a fixed object?
• Which term refers to energy that is transferred between bodies due to a temperature difference?
• Refraction concept.
• In ecological terms, a defined region within an ecosystem, such as littoral or sublittoral, is called a ...
• Which term refers to a disturbance caused by the movement of energy through a medium?
• Which atmospheric circulation cell lies closest to the equator in each hemisphere, with rising air near the equator and sinking at about 30 degrees latitude?
• Which term refers to the energy that causes a wave to form?
• The body of a seaweed is called a
• In a marine food web, which trophic level includes organisms that feed on primary producers?
• What term describes a single closed-flow circuit of rising warm material and falling cool material?
• What term describes precipitation and wind produced by the meeting of two air masses associated with an extratropical cyclone, typically with one air mass sliding over or under the other?
• Which term refers to the equatorial ITCZ, the region where the trade winds converge?
• What term describes a 'no-tide' point in the ocean caused by basin resonances, friction, and other factors around which tide crests rotate?
• Which phylum includes earthworms and leeches?
• Which term describes the wind-driven wave that forms due to surface wind action?
• Which feature best defines a Sandbar?
• What is the gaseous, invisible form of water?
• Which term refers to segmentation in animals?
• Which subatomic particle carries a negative charge and orbits the nucleus?
• A sudden motion of Earth's crust caused by faulting or volcanic activity.
• Which term describes non-living environmental influences such as temperature, salinity, and light that shape ecological interactions?
• Barrier Islands are:
• What term describes a rapid, global loss of a large number of species?
• One of several periods of relatively low temperature during the last million years that lowered sea level by at least 100 meters.
• Which organism is a photosynthetic prokaryote known for oxygenic photosynthesis in marine environments?
• A device that measures the amount and direction of residual magnetism in a rock sample.
• Which term refers to a device used to collect plankton from seawater?
• Which term denotes microscopic algae with silica-based shells that contribute to siliceous ooze?
• What is the theory that the continents move slowly across the Earth's surface?
• Which coastal feature forms across the mouth of a bay and may trap a lagoon behind it?
• Which feeding method involves filtering small particles suspended in water?
• Which term describes a drifting, free-floating organism that is a member of the plankton group?
• In the context of air mass boundaries, which term describes the boundary between air masses of different density?
• Liquid or solid water that falls from the air and reaches the surface as rain, hail, or snowfall.
• ENSO stands for which of the following?
• The siliceous cell walls of diatoms are called what?
• Which term describes an organism that consumes organic matter for energy?
• Turbulence in the ocean primarily drives which process?
• Which term is used to denote a plant that produces seeds within a fruit?
• Which term refers to the open-water portion of the ocean's water column, away from the shore and bottom?
• East-to-west or west-to-east current linking the eastern and western boundary currents. An example is the North Equatorial Current.
• What term refers to a spring of hot, mineral- and gas-rich seawater found on ocean ridges in zones of active seafloor spreading?
• What defines a molecule?
• Which boundary forms where plates push together and mountain ranges, island arcs, and trenches form?
• On shore movement of air as inland air heats and rises.
• Which specialized stinging cell is characteristic of cnidarians?
• In a Salt Wedge Estuary, which describes the salinity arrangement?
• Which term is used for the distance between successive wave crests or troughs in a progressive wave?
• Which term describes the periodic shedding of the exoskeleton in arthropods and some other invertebrates?
• Which term describes the gently sloping submerged extension of a continent, granitic rock overlain by sediments, with features similar to the edge of the nearby continent?
• The sloping transition between the granite of the continent and the basalt of the seabed; the true edge of a continent.
• Which term denotes small free-floating animals in aquatic ecosystems?
• Which statement best defines an element?
• A graph showing the relationship of temperature and salinity with depth.
• Deep Scattering Layer refers to?
• Which term describes a feeding method that relies on filtering particles suspended in water?
• A high, often breaking wave generated by a tide crest that advances rapidly up an estuary or river.
• Which group is known for a water vascular system used for movement and feeding?
• Region where plates are moving apart and new ocean or rift valley forms; spreading center forms the junction.
• Odontoceti are characterized by which feature?
• Which term describes a defined geographic or vertical region within a marine ecosystem?
• The point in the orbit of a satellite where it is closest to the sun.
• Which term describes the vertical distance between the crest and trough of a wave?
• Passive sonar.
• A tiny wave with a wavelength less than 1.73 centimeters, whose restoring force is surface tension, is called a Capillary Wave.
• A Sea Island is best described as:
• Which landform is a deep, glacially carved inlet with high, steep walls or valleys?
• Which term describes a close, long-term interaction between two different species?
• Which term describes the energy required to change a solid to a liquid at the melting point without a temperature change?
• Which term describes the broad taxonomic category under which organisms are classified in the traditional Linnaean system?
• Which term denotes the transfer of heat through matter by direct particle contact between molecules?
• Which term best describes a distribution where individuals are evenly spaced due to spacing mechanisms?
• A substance composed of two or more elements chemically combined in fixed proportions is a compound.
• Which term describes upwelling that occurs adjacent to a coast, usually induced by wind?
• An unusual rise in sea level as a result of the low atmospheric pressure and strong winds associated with a tropical cyclone. Onrushing sea water proceeds landfall and causes most of the damage to life and property.
• Which term describes the global-scale pattern of air movement that includes three circulation cells per hemisphere?
• What is the term for the small net transport of water in the direction of a traveling wind wave?
• Which term refers to the subphylum that includes lobsters and shrimps?
• What is the imaginary line at 0 degrees latitude called in geography, equidistant from both poles?
• What is the name of the theoretical model describing how wind affects surface water and causes depth-varying flow?
• What is the strong western boundary current of the North Atlantic, off the Atlantic coast of the United States?
• Water circulation produced by differences in temperature and/or salinity (and therefore density).
• Which term describes a long stretch of coastline that acts as a sediment-management unit with connected beaches and headlands?
• Which phylum includes insects, arachnids, and crustaceans?
• Which term describes the height-to-wavelength ratio representing the theoretical maximum steepness in shallow water?
• Which passive process moves molecules from high to low concentration without energy input?
• Which protist is characterized by a complex cell covering and two flagella?
• The point on Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake.
• Which term describes a tsunami caused by displacement of the earth along a fault?
• Which term denotes the farthest point in a satellite's orbit from the Sun?
• Which process describes heat transfer in fluids by the bulk movement of the fluid itself?
• Which term refers to algae that are unicellular?
• Backshore zones are typically exposed to waves under which conditions?
• Which ocean current is driven by powerful westerly winds north of Antarctica and is the largest ocean current, continuing permanently eastward?
• Which statement describes a typical feature of Nematoda?
• Which term describes an organism that cannot synthesize its own organic compounds and must obtain energy by consuming others?
• Which coastal zone lies between the high-tide line and the low-tide line?
• Desiccation adaptations help intertidal organisms to:
• Which statement best describes Nematoda?
• Which term denotes a group of red algae?
• Isostatic Equilibrium is best described as the balanced support of lighter material in a heavier, displaced supporting matrix; analogous to buoyancy.
• Which process describes energy being absorbed rather than reflected or transmitted?
• Desiccation is best described as?
• What is the largest ocean current that flows permanently eastward around Antarctica?
• Which term denotes the reflection of progressive waves by a vertical barrier?
• Which term describes a progressive wave that continues to be influenced by the forces that formed it?
• Which sensory system detects water movement along the body in fishes?
• Which term describes the irregular line of thermal balance near the equator?
• Which term describes the open-ocean environment beyond the continental shelf?
• Which term refers to the circular movement pattern of water particles at the air-sea interface?
• A group of individuals of the same species living in a given area?
• What term denotes the outermost cool rigid layer consisting of crust and upper mantle?
• Which term refers to the capacity to do work or drive biological processes?
• What term describes substances required by living organisms in relatively large amounts for growth and metabolism, such as nitrates and phosphates?
• What is the term for the mass movement of air?
• Dissolved Organic Nitrogen refers to organic nitrogen compounds dissolved in water.
• In a marine food web, what term describes an organism that eats primary producers?
• Which term describes marine plants that form underwater meadows in shallow seas?
• What is the basic unit of matter that defines each element?
• Which factor characterizes a Partially Mixed Estuary?
• What term describes a standing wave in which there is no net transfer of energy?
• Addition or subtraction of wave energy as waves interact, also called resonance.
• Which term refers to the group containing green algae?
• What is the densest ocean water mass, formed primarily in Antarctica's Weddell Sea during Southern Hemisphere winters?
• What is the term for a heritable change in the DNA sequence?
• What term refers to water rushing out of an enclosed harbor or bay because of the fall in sea level as a tide trough approaches?
• Which sediment size is finer than sand but coarser than clay?
• Which term is used to denote carbon-containing organic material dissolved in water?
• Climax community is best described as?
• Within echinoderms, Ophiuroidea are most closely related to which group?
• Which term describes single-celled photosynthetic organisms?
• Which term describes an animal whose body temperature matches the environment?
• Which term refers to the phylum that includes all vertebrates?
• Which term refers to sediment derived from extraterrestrial sources such as microtektites?
• Which term describes a layering where deeper layers are denser than those above?
• Which field of study investigates past ocean conditions such as circulation and climate?
• Which term denotes the energy input that starts wave formation?
• What is the name for a large tropical cyclone in the North Atlantic or Eastern Pacific with winds exceeding 118 km/h?
• Which term refers to a photosynthetic bacteria commonly found in marine environments?
• What term describes water rushing into an enclosed harbor or bay because of the rise in sea level as a tide crest approaches?
• Which unit is used to measure energy content in food?
• Which term refers to a solution with equal solute concentration inside and outside the cell?
• Which coastal feature serves as a protective barrier extending into the sea to reduce wave energy at harbors?
• Which term describes the largest order of aquatic mammals that includes whales and dolphins?
• Which layer beneath the lithosphere is characterized as the hot, partially molten region that drives plate motion?
• Which coastal ecosystem is built by colonies of corals in warm, shallow seas?
• A wave in water shallower than 1/20 its wavelength is called which type?
• A time of no tide-induced currents that occurs when the current changes direction.
• Which term describes a shell valve in mollusks?
• A thermostatic property is defined as:
• Which phylum includes animals with a dorsal hollow nerve cord at some life stage?
• In a marine food web, what term describes a predator at the top of the chain with no natural enemies?
• Which landform is a sandbank formed parallel to the coast and produced by longshore drift?
• Which term denotes a parasite-host interaction?
• Which term describes a circular movement of water usually formed where currents pass obstructions or between two adjacent currents?
• Which system provides a two-dimensional image of the seafloor by recording intensity of returned echoes along a line?
• Which term best describes the collective community of drifting organisms in the ocean, including plants and animals?
• Which factor most strongly affects the viscosity of seawater?
• The Shore refers to:
• Which statement describes a rip current?
• Which type of symmetry do most animals, including humans, exhibit?
• Which microorganisms are primarily responsible for oxidizing ammonium to nitrite and nitrite to nitrate in the nitrogen cycle?
• Which term refers to the detection of objects by emitting sound and listening for echoes?
• Which term refers to nitrogen present as organic molecules dissolved in water?
• Which organisms carry out denitrification, converting nitrates into nitrogen gas in anaerobic conditions?
• Which tidal pattern has two high tides and two low tides each lunar day, with the highs nearly equal in height?
• Which boundary is characterized by plates colliding and high seismic activity?
• Any energetic extratropical cyclone that sweeps the eastern seaboard of North America in winter.
• In ecology, which term best describes living components such as producers, consumers, and predators that influence an ecosystem?
• Zooxanthellae are crucial to the vitality of which ecosystem?
• Which cycle involves the movement of carbon among the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms?
• What term describes a long-wavelength, shallow-water wave caused by rapid displacement of water?
• Which term refers to a former order that included terrestrial carnivorans?
• Which coastal vegetation is adapted to saturated soils and typically has pneumatophores?
• The term for the acoustic navigation system that maps the sea floor by emitting sound pulses?
• Which term describes reef-building corals that secrete calcium carbonate skeletons?
• Which type of bond involves sharing electrons between atoms?
• In the Ekman Spiral, deeper layers drift progressively to which direction relative to the surface flow in the Northern Hemisphere?
• What is the general term for the mass horizontal movement of seawater?
• Which feature is the elevated boundary at the active spreading center where oceanic plates move apart, often described as a mid-ocean ridge?
• Which term is specifically associated with extremely long wavelengths generated by sudden sea floor displacement, often in open ocean?
• Nighttime offshore breeze moving air from land toward the sea.
• The dominant force trying to return water to flatness after formation of a wave.
• Which technique studies ocean structure by emitting low-frequency sound pulses to detect variations in water temperature, salinity, and movement below the surface?
• What is the term for the rigid mantle layer situated below the asthenosphere?
• Which statement best describes environmental resistance?
• The low-water position corresponding to a tidal trough is called
• What term refers to the total amount of biomass produced per unit area per unit time by photosynthesis?
• What is the restoring force for Capillary Waves?
• A coastline characterized by gentle waves and minimal sediment transport is described as what?
• What is the term for vertical movement in surface water caused by wind?
• What term refers to the length of time the wind blows over the ocean surface, a factor in wind wave development?
• What term describes the separation of wind waves by wavelength as they move away from the fetch?
• Which term denotes the layer of the upper ocean where light penetrates and mixing occurs, commonly called the surface layer?
• What term is the valley between wave crests below the average water level in a progressive wave?
• Which term describes the point in a satellite's orbit where it is closest to the main body?
• Which circulation is driven by density differences arising from temperature and/or salinity?
• Which term explains the separation of waves by wavelength as they propagate away from where they formed?
• What term describes a large body of air with nearly uniform temperature, humidity, and density?
• What term refers to the submerged outer edge of a continent, made of granitic crust and including the shelf and slope?
• Which estuary condition describes a body of water with uniform salinity due to strong mixing?
• Mass flow of water; the term is usually reserved for horizontal movement.
• The discovery and study of submerged contours is called what?
• The number of individuals per unit area or volume?
• What term describes the wearing away of coastlines by waves, currents, and weathering?
• Environmental resistance refers to:
• In waves, which type occurs when water depth is greater than half of the wavelength?
• What is carrying capacity in population ecology?
• Which class includes starfish and sea urchins?
• Which formula relates wave phase speed C to gravity g and depth d for shallow-water waves?
• Which equipment provides a nadir-free, swath image of the seafloor by emitting side-by-side pings?
• Which coastal setting is primarily built up by sediment deposition, creating broad beaches and lagoons?
• A pattern of wind circulation that changes with the season. Also the rainy season in areas with monsoon wind patterns.
• Which phylum consists of sponges with no true tissues?
• Which term is a phylum of marine invertebrates that includes starfish and sea urchins?
• Which phenomenon describes the large circuit of air driven by uneven solar heating and the Coriolis effect, with three circulation cells forming in each hemisphere?
• Which term describes the ecological change in community structure over time after a disturbance?
• Which term denotes the deepest oceanic zone, characterized by trenches and extreme pressures?
• Which term refers to baleen whales that filter feed?
• Thermal inertia of an ocean water mass is primarily a function of which factors?
• Which term describes a progressive wave occurring at the boundary between liquids of different densities?
• What term describes the current that flows parallel to the shore, generated by waves approaching at an angle?
• Which term describes the network of feeding relationships in an ecosystem?
• Which term describes the arrangement of biological classification into ranked levels, such as kingdom, phylum, and class?
• Which ocean depth zone is typically the deep, dark zone from about 4000 to 6000 meters?
• The mass movement of air is defined as what?
• What term is the difference in height between consecutive high and low tides?
• Which term refers to a solution with higher solute concentration outside the cell, causing water to move out?
• Which scientist established the binomial nomenclature system used to name species?
• Which depth zone is commonly defined as between 1000 and 4000 meters?
• Which scientist is credited with pioneering the understanding of extra-tropical cyclones?
• What term describes the tidal levels and character which would result from gravitational effects, e.g. of the Earth, Sun and Moon, without any atmospheric influences?
• What is the buoyant organ found in some large brown algae that helps maintain vertical position?
• In the Hadley cell, where does air rise and where does it sink?
• Rip currents are best described as water moving:
• A circular or elliptical projection from the seafloor, more than 1 kilometer in height, with a relatively steep slope of 20-25 degrees.
• Which tide occurs when Earth, Moon, Sun form a right angle, resulting in the smallest tidal variation?
• Which term describes organisms that regulate their body temperature internally?
• Which coastal current runs parallel to the shore and is driven by waves arriving at an angle?
• Which French scientist (1792-1843) worked out the mathematics of the motion of bodies on a rotating surface, the Coriolis effect?
• Which term describes heat that changes temperature but does not involve a phase change?
• Which term includes creatures such as snails and slugs?
• In addition to the five gyres, which major current is recognized around Antarctica?
• Which term refers to the phylum that includes sea stars, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers?
• Which term describes the ability of a substance to store thermal energy, defined as the amount of heat required to raise its temperature by 1 degree Celsius?
• Which term is the sense used by bats and dolphins to locate objects by emitting sound and listening for echoes?
• Photic Zone: Which layer is sunlit for photosynthesis?
• Vertebrata refers to animals with what characteristic?
• Which term is the line along which waters of different density converge, forming the boundaries between climate zones?
• Which current is a strong, warm, concentrated, fast-moving current at the western boundary of an ocean basin (for example around the Gulf Stream or Kuroshio)?
• Which ocean zone is the deepest, generally dark and cold, roughly from 4000 to 6000 meters?
• Which coastal landform develops at a river mouth through the accumulation of sediments to form a fan-shaped area?
• Which process best explains the formation of an atoll?
• Which term describes a sand or gravel feature that connects an island to the mainland?
• The acronym ENSO represents the coupled phenomena of El Niño and which oscillation?
• Which distribution pattern is most commonly observed in patches where resources are unevenly distributed?
• Which symmetry type is common in cnidarians and echinoderms?
• Which term refers to the general category of unconsolidated material at the Earth’s surface, including various grain sizes?
• What is the apparent deflection of a moving object from its initial course due to Earth's rotation, deflecting to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere?
• Which tiny crustacean forms a major component of Antarctic zooplankton?
• Which phylum contains the class Cephalopoda?
• The point in the orbit of a satellite where it is closest to the main body.
• Which term refers to jawless fishes?
• Which group includes organisms that can swim and move independently in the pelagic zone?
• What refers to the vertical distance between a crest and the adjacent troughs?
• What term describes a progressive wave under the continuing influence of the forces that formed it?
• Which term refers to the long-range underwater sound channel used for detection at great distances?
• Which fjord that has an estuarine environment at its mouth?
• In a Salt Wedge Estuary, the interface between saltwater and freshwater is typically:
• The addition of wave energy when waves interact to produce larger waves is known as?
• The layer of Earth between the crust and the core, composed of silicates of iron and magnesium. The mantle has an average density of about 4.5 g/cm^3 and accounts for about 68% of Earth's mass.
• Brown algae are classified in which phylum?
• Which term is a graph showing the relationship of temperature and salinity with depth?
• What is the term for a plane along which rock masses slide horizontally past one another?
• Which term refers to the foamy water that rushes toward shore after a wave breaks?
• Which group includes manatees and dugongs?
• Which property describes the cohesive force at the air-water interface, affecting droplet formation?
• Which term specifically refers to reef-building corals?
• Which device emits underwater sound and analyzes echoes to gain information on the seabed, biology, or military targets?
• The long-term average of weather in a region is what?
• The brittle, relatively cool outer layer of Earth, consisting of the oceanic and continental crust and the outermost, rigid layer of mantle.
• The atmospheric circulation cell centered over each pole.
• Which oceanic layer is the twilight zone where there is some light but not enough for photosynthesis?
• Which taxonomic group includes segmented worms such as bristle worms?
• Which term describes the stalk-like structure that supports the blades in some large seaweeds?
• What term describes periodic shedding of the exoskeleton?
• Which seafloor feature is a circular or elliptical projection rising more than 1 kilometer with a steep slope?
• In marine ecology, which term describes the physical setting used by an organism to survive?
• The continental margin near an area of lithospheric plate divergence; also called an Atlantic-type margin.
• Which organism is a photosynthetic protist often responsible for red tides?
• The horizontal flow of water at the ocean's surface.
• The energy content of food is commonly expressed in kilocalories; one kilocalorie equals 4184 joules.
• Which term describes the mass flow of water linked to the passage of tidal crests or troughs?
• Which term denotes the deepest oceanic zone?
• In which ocean layer is dissolved oxygen commonly at its lowest in many regions?
• Density gradient pycnocline layer.
• In the Northern Hemisphere, trade winds blow from which direction?
• Which term stands for the depth at which calcium carbonate begins to dissolve faster than it accumulates?
• Which term describes the energy stored in chemical bonds and available to do work in living systems?
• Which rock type is commonly found in continental crust and is light in color, consisting mainly of quartz and feldspar?
• Which process describes the mixing of two water masses with identical densities but different temperatures and salinities, resulting in a denser mixture?
• Barrier Reefs are described as:
• The relatively light crystal rock forming continents with density about 2.7 g/cm^3 is called?
• Which distribution pattern is most likely for a marine population when resources are patchy?
• Which field of geology studies layered sedimentary rocks and their relative ages?
• What term describes the condition in which total heat entering a system equals total heat leaving?
• Which area is the sheltered, brackish transition zone where a river meets the sea?
• A chemical bond that involves sharing electrons between two nonmetal atoms is called a covalent bond.
• Which term best describes the strong, warm, concentrated, fast-moving current along the western boundary of an ocean basin?
• The submerged outer edge of a continent, made of granitic crust; includes the continental shelf and continental slope.
• What term describes a tidal cycle of one high tide and one low tide per day?
• Which marine zone lies below the intertidal zone and remains underwater at all times, often extending to the continental shelf?
• Which landform is an elongated hill of glacial material deposited parallel to glacial movement?
• Which coastal landform is created by wave erosion at the base of cliffs, forming a flat bench?
• In shallow water where depth is less than half the wavelength, which transition in particle motion occurs?
• Which term denotes the process of moving substances across a membrane with energy, often against a gradient?
• Which tissue forms the skeleton of sharks?
• Which term describes organisms that spend their entire life cycle as plankton?
• Which term denotes the broad, flat, sediment-covered ocean floor located far from continents?
• Which pigment is essential for capturing light energy in photosynthesis?
• Pinnipedia includes which marine mammals?
• What term describes the average speed of the wind, a factor in wind wave development?
• Which term describes the order of fully aquatic mammals such as whales and dolphins?
• Which term represents the solid inorganic material that makes up rocks and sediments?
• Which term refers to the attachment of surfaces or molecules?
• Curving chain of volcanic islands and seamounts almost always found paralleling the concave edge of a trench.
• Ecology is defined as the study of:
• What is the term for a localized, narrow, violent funnel of wind formed when two air masses collide?
• Which surface wind pattern forms within the Hadley cells around 15 degrees latitude, blowing from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere?
• A diagram showing the distribution of energy or biomass among trophic levels in an ecosystem is called a ...
• The temperature at which a liquid turns into a solid is known as what?
• The sessile, vase-shaped body form seen in cnidarians is called a what?
• What term describes the specialized aerial roots used by mangroves to facilitate gas exchange?
• Which term describes a surface wave in which water particles move in closed circles that decrease with depth?
• What term describes a spring of hot, mineral- and gas-rich seawater found on some oceanic ridges?
• Which zone lies below the low tide line and extends to the edge of the continental shelf, remaining submerged year-round?
• Which term describes a solution with lower solute concentration outside the cell than inside, causing water to move in?
• Which term denotes a long-term biological interaction between two species living in close proximity?
• Speed of advance of a wave train; for deep-water waves, half the speed of individual waves within the group is known as what?
• Which process converts energy from light or sound into heat within a material?
• Which term describes a surface current flowing in the opposite direction to an adjacent surface current?
• What is the uninterrupted distance over which the wind blows without a significant change in direction?
• What term describes the zones of irregular horizontal surface air circulation near 30 degrees North and 30 degrees South latitudes, where dry air descending from high altitudes can create deserts such as the Sahara?
• Kelp refers to which type of organism?
• Which term refers to the number of crests passing a fixed point per second?
• Which term describes a body symmetry with a central axis?
• Which term is the highest part of a progressive wave above the average water level?
• Which term describes an animal that maintains its body temperature through metabolic heat?
• Which term refers to the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in respiration?
• What is the approximate density of Antarctic Bottom Water?
• Which tide occurs at two-week intervals and involves a maximum difference between high and low tides?
• A narrow waterway that connects the open sea with a coastal lagoon, often between barrier islands, is called an what?
• Which term describes a coastline dominated by erosion, featuring cliffs and sea-cut platforms?
• Young seabed at the active spreading center of an ocean, boundary between diverging plates; often called a mid-ocean ridge, though less than 60% of the length exists at mid-ocean.
• Which term describes the sequential replacement of species in an ecosystem after a disturbance?
• Which term describes a body of seawater with relatively uniform properties that moves as a unit?
• Which term refers to warm carbonate sand grains formed by ooids?
• Which term describes pendulum-like standing waves in enclosed areas?
• Teleostei are a major group of which fishes?
• Which term is used to describe the long-range propagation of sound in the ocean due to refraction in the SOFAR channel?
• Which term describes the network of feeding relationships showing who eats whom in an ecosystem?
• A surface current flowing in the opposite direction from an adjacent surface current.
• Which structure is a whip-like appendage used by many protists for locomotion?
• Cartilage is best described as which type of tissue?
• What term describes the gradually sloping submerged extension of a continent, composed of granitic rock overlain by sediments, with features similar to the edge of the nearby continent?
• Which phylum includes jellyfish, corals, and sea anemones?
• What term describes rainfall in the form of rain, hail, or snow?
• Which type of pigments are non-chlorophyll pigments that expand light absorption range in photosynthesis?
• What is the outermost solid surface of the Earth beneath ocean floor sediments, composed primarily of basalt?
• Which term describes organisms anchored to a substrate and do not move?
• Which feature corresponds to a small sediment-covered inactive volcano or intrusion of molten rock less than 200 meters high, thought to be associated with seafloor spreading?
• Which term refers to the electromagnetic radiation visible to the human eye?
• Which feature is used to remove excess salt in marine animals?
• Refractive Index.
• What term describes non-living environmental influences such as temperature and light that shape organisms' life processes?
• What is a thermocline in the ocean?
• Which group performs photosynthesis and forms the base of most marine food webs in the sunlit zone?
• Which common zooplankton crustacean is widely found in marine ecosystems and important in food webs?
• Osteichthyes are defined by
• Backwash refers to:
• What term describes a flat-topped, submerged, inactive volcano?
• Which term describes the movement of nitrogen through living systems and the environment?
• Which class includes birds?
• Which term describes organisms that live on or at the seabed?
• Which feature is formed by wave erosion that creates hollow spaces in a cliff?
• Which term describes sediment originating from continental erosion and river transport?
• Which term describes a mass of hot, buoyant mantle material that rises through the mantle and may contribute to hotspot volcanism?
• In the Ekman Spiral, the surface layer drifts at what angle to the wind in the Northern Hemisphere?
• A tide influenced by the weather; storm surge arrival will alter the tide's height or arrival time, as will a strong, steady onshore or offshore wind.
• Which term denotes the layer within the ocean where the sound channel exists and enables long-range propagation?
• What sampling device is used to recover long, undisturbed sediment cores from the seabed?
• Which relationship explains why small aquatic organisms exchange substances with their environment more rapidly on a per-gram basis than larger organisms?
• Backshore is the part of the shore that is:
• A substance formed from two or more elements chemically combined in fixed proportions is a?
• What term describes a group of waves of similar wavelength and period moving in the same direction across the ocean surface?
• Which group includes crabs, lobsters, and shrimp?
• Which term is associated with the exchange of gases between an organism and its environment?
• Which term describes an organism that can tolerate a wide range of temperatures?
• What circulation pattern describes the rise of deep, cold, nutrient-rich water to the surface?
• What is the theoretical maximum height attainable by ocean waves given wind strength, duration, and fetch?
• Which theory holds that Earth's surface features were formed by catastrophic events, such as a biblical flood?
• The abrupt increase in slope at the junction between continental shelf and continental slope.
• Which scientific discipline classifies organisms into a hierarchical system from kingdoms to species?
• What term refers to the envelope of gases surrounding a planet?
• Which process increases the frequency of advantageous heritable traits in a population?
• Which term refers to the energy required to convert a liquid to a gas at its boiling point?
• The arrangement of individuals in a population across the landscape?
• Which layer beneath the lithosphere is the hot, plastic region that powers plate tectonics?
• Which term captures the ecological role of an organism, including resources used and interactions?
• Which term describes a marine plant that forms beds in shallow coastal waters?
• Which weather system is a low-pressure area with winds circulating counter-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere?
• Which structure is designed to protect harbor entrances by dissipating approaching waves?
• Which group includes gentle aquatic herbivores like manatees and dugongs?
• Which taxonomic class includes snails and slugs?
• The notochord is best described as
• Which term describes organisms that are planktonic only during larval or juvenile stages?
• Which group of organisms commonly forms the base of many aquatic food webs and performs photosynthesis?
• Which unicellular organism forms calcium carbonate shells and is widely used as a proxy in paleontology?
• What term describes a progressive wave free of the forces that formed it?
• The term for a drifting, free-swimming organism at the base of the plankton, sometimes used to describe larvae or small organisms, is?
• Which term describes the leaf-like blade of many macroalgae?
• Which life stage of cnidarians is free-swimming and bell-shaped?
• Brackish water is best described as water with what salinity range?
• Which term refers to the model of tides that postulates an Earth with uniform depth ocean and instantaneous response to solar and lunar gravity?
• Which landform forms at the mouth of a river when sediments are deposited to create a triangular area?
• Which biological process converts light energy into chemical energy, producing organic matter from carbon dioxide and water?
• Which term refers to a bottom current made up of dense water that flows around seabed projections?
• What is the long-term average of weather in a given area?
• Which feature is defined as the equatorial region where the trade winds converge, usually near the meteorological equator?
• Which term describes a group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring?
• Which term refers to a sea urchin?
• What process involves the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from higher to lower water potential?
• Which classification system is defined as artificial, based on a few simple criteria rather than evolutionary relationships?
• Pycnocline definition.
• Which term describes the organisms that convert inorganic carbon into organic matter using light energy?
• Which term describes the body of a seaweed that is not differentiated into true roots, stems, or leaves?
• Which upwelling occurs when water moving westward near the equator is deflected poleward and replaced by nutrient-rich deep water?
• Which term describes planktonic organisms large enough to be seen with the naked eye, such as jellyfish?
• A shallow coastal water body that is separated from the open sea by a barrier is called what?
• Which feature marks the position of a previously active transform fault and is seismically inactive?
• What is the boundary between two air masses of different density, often caused by differences in temperature and humidity?
• Which phylum includes snails, clams, and squids?
• Which biological process requires energy to move substances across cell membranes against a gradient?
• For deep-water waves, which relationship holds between velocity C, wavelength L, and period T?
• Which term describes a dorsal-ventral color pattern that helps camouflage?
• Which term describes the filter-feeding structures in baleen whales?
• What is the name for the zone between the polar cell and the Ferrel cell?
• Which term describes a nutrient that varies with biological activity rather than being transported conservatively by physical processes?
• What is a Sand Spit?
• Antarctic Bottom Water forms primarily in which area?
• Which term describes sediments derived from erosion of land and deposited on the continental shelf?
• Which theory/model of tides accounts for finite ocean depth, basin resonances, and the interference of continents on tide waves?
• What term is the time between successive wave crests passing a fixed point?
• Which term best describes the general land-sea boundary along a shoreline?
• What term is the reference level from which tidal height is measured?
• What is the term for the circuit of mid-latitude currents around the periphery of an ocean basin?
• A reversal of airflow between normally low atmospheric pressure over the western Pacific; the cause of El Nino.
• Which term describes organisms capable of movement?
• Which term refers to multicellular organisms in the animal kingdom?
• Which marine zone lies near the surface over the continental shelf?
• Which estuary is specifically a fjord inlet that remains connected to the sea and has a brackish water at its mouth?
• Which process turns loose sediment into rock?
• What is the sedimentary bed deposited by turbidity currents called?
• Which concept describes the change in allele frequencies in a population over generations?
• What term describes the total solar energy received by Earth during a period and the total heat lost by reflection and radiation in the same period?
• A wave with wavelength greater than 1.73 cm whose restoring forces are gravity and momentum is called what?
• What is the term for the confused mass of agitated water rushing shoreward after a wind wave breaks?
• Which term describes the ability of a substance to float in a fluid?
• Which coastal feature is formed primarily by longshore drift transporting sand parallel to the coast?
• What is the meteorological feature described as a low-pressure, mid-latitude weather system characterized by converging winds and ascending air that rotates counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere?
• What term describes a low-pressure weather system in the tropics with winds circulating counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere, which can intensify into hurricanes or typhoons?
• What term is the point in the orbit of a satellite where it is farthest from the main body?
• The stalk that supports the blade in kelp is called the
• Which coast type is characterized by retreat and cliff erosion with little sediment deposition?
• The canonical Ekman transport is 90 degrees to the right of the wind in which hemisphere?
• Which boundary is defined by plates moving apart, forming new ocean crust?
• Which term is the deep-ocean floor made of basaltic crust?
• Which zone is the twilight layer of the ocean where there is some light but not enough for photosynthesis?
• Which atmospheric circulation cell is the middle cell in each hemisphere, with rising air around 60 degrees latitude and sinking around 30 degrees latitude?
• Which coloration strategy involves resembling the background to avoid detection?
• A tidal cycle of two high tides and two low tides each lunar day, with the high tides of nearly equal height.
• Which sediment type forms from the evaporation of seawater and precipitation of minerals such as halite?
• Which term describes sediment formed from extraterrestrial matter such as tektites?
• Which term describes extremely small plankton, typically less than 2 micrometers, including many cyanobacteria?
• Which term describes Linnaeus's approach to classifying living things into a hierarchical system?
• Which term refers to Earth's central solid sphere?
• What term describes the depth where photosynthesis balances respiration in the water column?
• Which wind system consists of surface winds in Ferrel cells near 45 degrees latitude, blowing from the southwest in the Northern Hemisphere and from the northwest in the Southern Hemisphere?
• The wedge of sediment forming the gentle transition from the outer (lower) edge of the continental slope to the abyssal plain; usually associated with passive margins.
• What global sea-level change is caused by overall changes in water volume and land ice, affecting coastlines worldwide?
• Which structure anchors seaweeds to the substrate?
• In oceanography, which term describes the upper ocean layer that is well mixed, with relatively uniform properties?
• Which process is the microbial loop primarily associated with recycling dissolved organic matter in the marine environment?
• What term is used to describe the formal two-word Latin name given to a species?
• Zooxanthellae are symbiotic algae that reside in the tissues of which organisms?
• The time of greatest variation between high and low tides occurring when Earth, moon, sun form a straight line. Spring tides alternate with neap tides throughout the year, occurring at two-week intervals.
• Pendulum-like rocking of water in an enclosed area; a form of standing wave that can be caused by meteorological or seismic forces.
• Which term describes water moving into an enclosed harbor when crest approaches?
• What process involves movement within a fluid driven by differences in temperature, leading to mixing?
• Which term describes a diurnal tide, characterized by one high tide and one low tide each day?
• What biogeochemical cycle involves the transformations of nitrogen through fixation, nitrification, assimilation, and denitrification?
• A device that reflects sound off the ocean bottom to sense water depth; accuracy affected by speed of sound in water.
• Which term refers to the density measure?
• What term denotes the rate at which producers generate biomass in an ecosystem?
• Which term refers to sediment formed by minerals precipitated directly from seawater?
• In a water molecule, how many types of atoms are present?
• Which term serves as a long-term reference for sea surface height, representing the average over many years?
• Circulation pattern in which surface water moves vertically downward.
• The attraction between like molecules that contributes to water's surface tension is known as?
• A coastline characterized by strong wave action and powerful coastal erosion processes is known as what?
• Which term describes synchronized movement in a coordinated group of fish?
• Which term describes the rapid energy impact of breaking waves on coastal organisms?
• In photosynthesis, pigments other than chlorophyll that broaden the range of light absorbed are called ...
• Which term describes a tide that is influenced by weather and can be affected by storm surge or wind?
• In biological classification, a phylum is best described as
• A Sea Island is typically formed by:
• Which term describes a breaking wave where the crest slides down the front face of the wave?
• Which term describes a relationship that is specific to a pair of species and not general?
• What is the region between the breaking waves and the shore called?
• Which tide is associated with the Sun's gravity rather than the Moon's?
• Which term describes the maximum wave height achievable under a given wind condition?
• Which coastal zone lies between the high and low tide marks and is frequently sculpted by wave action?
• What term refers to organisms that thrive in extreme environmental conditions?
• Which term describes the belt of deserts and dry air around 30 degrees latitude, where Sahara is located?
• Which term is used for the speed at which the energy in a wave group travels?
• Which class includes sea cucumbers?
• A single wave crest much higher than usual due to constructive interference.
• What term denotes a wind-generated wave formed by wind action on the ocean surface?
• Which term describes the calcareous or siliceous shells of microscopic marine organisms that accumulate on the seafloor?
• What term describes a gyre or current in balance between the Coriolis effect and gravity, literally meaning 'turned by Earth'?
• Which term describes an organism that can tolerate a wide range of salinities and is common in estuaries?
• Which term describes manganese-rich rock particles found on the ocean floor?
• Which term denotes a taxonomic level used in classification that groups related organisms?
• In seismology, which type of wave moves through the interior of the Earth rather than along the surface?
• Which statement about euryhaline organisms is correct?
• Which term is used to name a species by its formal Latin binomial?
• Which bottom current flows around seabed projections rather than over them?
• Cohesion of water contributes to which property?
• What term describes the region at the coast where waves commonly begin to break just offshore?
• Which zone experiences immersion and exposure due to tides?
• Which mollusk class includes clams, mussels, and oysters?
• Which device is used to sample sediment from the seafloor and is known as the clamshell sampler?
• Which tide theory assumes Earth is covered by an ocean of great and uniform depth capable of instantaneous response to the gravitational and inertial forces of the sun and moon?
• An extratropical cyclone forms at the front between which two atmospheric cells?
• Which term refers to animals with a spinal column?
• What term describes the cyclic movement of nutrients between living organisms and the physical environment through biological, geological, and chemical processes?
• What sediment forms directly by precipitation from seawater and is hydrogenous?
• Which term describes the rapid, high-energy impact waves have on shore organisms?
• Which term describes the raised, flat area at the back of a beach formed by ongoing sediment deposition?
• Which term describes a sediment particle sized between gravel and silt, commonly forming beaches and deserts?
• A Sea Cliff is best described as:
• Which term denotes a factor that limits biological processes, growth, or distribution in an environment?
• Which current is a weak, cold, diffuse, slow-moving current at the Eastern boundary, examples include the Canary and Humboldt currents?
• Which term describes a factor that limits population growth or distribution in an environment?
• Which discipline focuses on the order of rock layers and their relative ages?
• Which landform is a glacial valley that has been flooded by seawater, creating a sea-filled, U-shaped inlet?
• Which sediment type is formed by ooids presenting concentric layers around a nucleus?
• Which organism group is composed of porous bodies with choanocytes and no true tissues?
• Biodiversity refers to which of the following?
• Which term describes a body of shallow water behind a barrier such as a sand spit or coral reef?
• What term refers to a sedimentary deposit formed by a turbidity current?
• Which term describes the slowing and bending of progressive waves in shallow water?
• Which term refers to a device used to collect sediment samples by clamshell action?
• Which term describes the bending of waves around obstacles?
• Which term denotes a small glassy particle formed by meteorite impact and found in ocean sediments?
• Which equation expresses the velocity of shallow-water waves as the square root of gravity times depth?
• Which term describes the rate at which an organism uses energy to sustain life?
• The functional role of an organism in its ecosystem?
• Which distribution pattern describes evenly spaced individuals due to competition or territoriality?
• What term refers to something that can satisfy hunger and provide energy?
• Which term describes the free-swimming life stage of cnidarians?
• A rapid and large increase in plankton biomass, often driven by nutrient upwelling or light, is known as what?
• During embryonic development in most vertebrates, the notochord is replaced by which structure?
• Which statement distinguishes Platyhelminthes from Nematoda?
• Which term describes free-floating organisms that drift with currents and cannot swim against them?
• Which organism is a small pelagic mollusk known as a sea butterfly?
• Which term describes a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means?
• Which term indicates sediments derived from the erosion of land and deposited on the continental shelf?
• Which scientist (1862-1951) pioneered the understanding of extra-tropical cyclones?
• Sediment deriving primarily from land erosion and river transport is known as?
• Which term best describes the study of how biological traits change over generations within populations?
• Deep-ocean floor made of basaltic crust.
• What does high thermal inertia imply for ocean temperature in response to heat input?
• Which term describes single-celled algae with calcareous plates that accumulate to form biogenic sediments?
• Which group includes organisms that can swim actively and move independently of currents?
• Which principle states that energy transfer or transformation results in increased entropy and less usable energy?