IB Marine Science Standard Level (SL) Practice Exam

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• Movement of air off shore as marine air heats and rises.
• What is the term for the confused mass of agitated water rushing shoreward after a wind wave breaks?
• What is the term for the total mass of living matter in a given area or ecosystem?
• Any energetic extratropical cyclone that sweeps the eastern seaboard of North America in winter.
• Which term describes the filter-feeding structures in baleen whales?
• Which phylum consists of sponges with no true tissues?
• What term describes rainfall in the form of rain, hail, or snow?
• Which term denotes the farthest point in a satellite's orbit from the Sun?
• A pattern of wind circulation that changes with the season. Also the rainy season in areas with monsoon wind patterns.
• Which organism group is composed of porous bodies with choanocytes and no true tissues?
• Which term describes the rapid, high-energy impact waves have on shore organisms?
• The dominant force trying to return water to flatness after formation of a wave.
• Which term describes an animal whose body temperature matches the environment?
• Which term describes organisms that regulate their body temperature internally?
• Which term describes a drifting, free-floating organism that is a member of the plankton group?
• Which term describes the rigid outer layer of Earth including crust and uppermost mantle?
• A graph showing the relationship of temperature and salinity with depth.
• Which class includes squid and octopus?
• What term refers to inherited traits that improve an organism's fitness in a given environment?
• Which term refers to the phylum that includes all vertebrates?
• Ascending columns of superheated mantle originating at the core-mantle boundary.
• Which term describes a sea urchin's taxonomic classification?
• Which rock type is commonly found in continental crust and is light in color, consisting mainly of quartz and feldspar?
• Which term describes the broad taxonomic category under which organisms are classified in the traditional Linnaean system?
• Which group includes crabs, lobsters, and shrimp?
• Which term describes water moving into an enclosed harbor when crest approaches?
• Which term refers to a device used to collect sediment samples by clamshell action?
• Which term refers to energy that is transferred between bodies due to a temperature difference?
• Which term denotes the layer within the ocean where the sound channel exists and enables long-range propagation?
• A tidal cycle of two high tides and two low tides each lunar day, with the high tides of nearly equal height.
• Which class includes birds?
• Which term is the highest part of a progressive wave above the average water level?
• Which term denotes a factor that limits biological processes, growth, or distribution in an environment?
• Which term describes the stalk-like structure that supports the blades in some large seaweeds?
• The term for the acoustic navigation system that maps the sea floor by emitting sound pulses?
• What global sea-level change is caused by overall changes in water volume and land ice, affecting coastlines worldwide?
• Which device emits underwater sound and analyzes echoes to gain information on the seabed, biology, or military targets?
• Which sediment is an ooze composed mostly of hard remains of organisms containing calcium carbonate?
• Which term refers to the group containing green algae?
• What term describes the increase in speed of geostrophic currents as they pass along the western boundary of an ocean basin?
• Which coastal setting is primarily built up by sediment deposition, creating broad beaches and lagoons?
• The term for a drifting, free-swimming organism at the base of the plankton, sometimes used to describe larvae or small organisms, is?
• Cohesion of water contributes to which property?
• The high-water position corresponding to a tidal crest is called what?
• Polar Molecule description.
• Which layer beneath the lithosphere is the hot, plastic region that powers plate tectonics?
• Which landform is a long, narrow hill formed by glacial till aligned in the direction of ice movement?
• Which term is specifically associated with extremely long wavelengths generated by sudden sea floor displacement, often in open ocean?
• Teleostei are a subgroup within which larger vertebrate group?
• Which term refers to a bottom current made up of dense water that flows around seabed projections?
• Which term describes pendulum-like standing waves in enclosed areas?
• Which term describes a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means?
• What process involves movement within a fluid driven by differences in temperature, leading to mixing?
• Which term describes the ability of a substance to store thermal energy, defined as the amount of heat required to raise its temperature by 1 degree Celsius?
• What term describes the cyclic movement of nutrients between living organisms and the physical environment through biological, geological, and chemical processes?
• The sessile, vase-shaped body form seen in cnidarians is called a what?
• What term refers to something that can satisfy hunger and provide energy?
• Which boundary forms where plates push together and mountain ranges, island arcs, and trenches form?
• The subtraction of wave energy as waves interact, producing smaller waves is known as what?
• The submerged outer edge of a continent, made of granitic crust; includes the continental shelf and continental slope.
• The horizontal flow of water at the ocean's surface.
• Which term describes the deflection of moving objects caused by Earth's rotation, with no effect at the equator?
• Which tiny crustacean forms a major component of Antarctic zooplankton?
• A surface current flowing in the opposite direction from an adjacent surface current.
• Which term describes sediment originating from continental erosion and river transport?
• The addition of wave energy when waves interact to produce larger waves is known as?
• Which distribution pattern is most likely for a marine population when resources are patchy?
• Which mammalian order includes dogs, cats, and seals?
• Which term describes the organisms that convert inorganic carbon into organic matter using light energy?
• Which term describes sediment derived from land sources?
• What term describes water rushing into an enclosed harbor or bay because of the rise in sea level as a tide crest approaches?
• What is the name of the pattern of constructive and destructive interference that causes successive breaking waves to grow and shrink over several minutes?
• Which term best describes the study of how biological traits change over generations within populations?
• A circular or elliptical projection from the seafloor, more than 1 kilometer in height, with a relatively steep slope of 20-25 degrees.
• Which oceanographic term describes a vertical layer where salinity changes rapidly with depth?
• Which term describes a shell valve in mollusks?
• Dissolved Organic Nitrogen refers to organic nitrogen compounds dissolved in water.
• A deep, V-shaped valley running roughly perpendicular to the shoreline and cutting across the edge of the continental shelf and slope.
• Which term indicates sediments derived from the erosion of land and deposited on the continental shelf?
• Which term denotes the reflection of progressive waves by a vertical barrier?
• Which breaking wave topples forward and forms an air-filled tube?
• Which field of study investigates past ocean conditions such as circulation and climate?
• Which landform is a deep, glacially carved inlet with high, steep walls or valleys?
• Which landform is formed by wave action carving cliffs and leaving a platform at the base?
• Which sensory system detects water movement along the body in fishes?
• Which class includes snakes, lizards, and turtles?
• Which feature marks the position of a previously active transform fault and is seismically inactive?
• Which biological process converts light energy into chemical energy, producing organic matter from carbon dioxide and water?
• In photosynthesis, pigments other than chlorophyll that broaden the range of light absorbed are called ...
• Which term refers to algae that are unicellular?
• Zooxanthellae are symbiotic algae that reside in the tissues of which organisms?
• What term refers to the total amount of biomass produced per unit area per unit time by photosynthesis?
• Which term denotes the steep, eroded face that can remain on a beach after shoreline retreat?
• Cold, dense water formed in the Arctic that flows onto the floor of the North Atlantic Ocean is called?
• Which concept describes the change in allele frequencies in a population over generations?
• Which term describes a body of shallow water behind a barrier such as a sand spit or coral reef?
• Which term is used to denote a plant that produces seeds within a fruit?
• Which unicellular organism forms calcium carbonate shells and is widely used as a proxy in paleontology?
• The oxygen minimum zone is best described as which of the following?
• Which cycle involves the movement of carbon among the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms?
• Which statement best describes a Sea Cave?
• Which term describes the largest order of aquatic mammals that includes whales and dolphins?
• Which term describes a sand or gravel feature that connects an island to the mainland?
• Thermal inertia of an ocean water mass is primarily a function of which factors?
• Which oceanic layer is the twilight zone where there is some light but not enough for photosynthesis?
• Which term describes marine organisms that produce calcareous plates contributing to carbonate sediments?
• What term describes a 'no-tide' point in the ocean caused by basin resonances, friction, and other factors around which tide crests rotate?
• Which common zooplankton crustacean is widely found in marine ecosystems and important in food webs?
• Which term describes a relationship that is specific to a pair of species and not general?
• Which factor most strongly affects the viscosity of seawater?
• Which current is driven by powerful westerly winds north of Antarctica and is the largest of all ocean currents, continuing eastward indefinitely?
• The relatively light crystal rock forming continents with density about 2.7 g/cm^3 is called?
• What term describes periodic shedding of the exoskeleton?
• Which term describes an external skeleton found in arthropods and some mollusks?
• Which term describes the total energy expenditure of an organism over time?
• What term describes the region at the coast where waves commonly begin to break just offshore?
• Which term refers to organisms that tolerate only a narrow range of salinities?
• Which term refers to multicellular organisms in the animal kingdom?
• Which phylum includes jellyfish, corals, and sea anemones?
• In ecology, which term best describes living components such as producers, consumers, and predators that influence an ecosystem?
• Which phenomenon describes the large circuit of air driven by uneven solar heating and the Coriolis effect, with three circulation cells forming in each hemisphere?
• Kelp refers to which type of organism?
• Which biological process requires energy to move substances across cell membranes against a gradient?
• A density curve of seawater typically shows density...
• Which theory holds that Earth's surface features were formed by catastrophic events, such as a biblical flood?
• Which term describes a diurnal tide, characterized by one high tide and one low tide each day?
• Which statement best defines an element?
• What does high thermal inertia imply for ocean temperature in response to heat input?
• Which scientific discipline classifies organisms into a hierarchical system from kingdoms to species?
• Which group includes organisms that can swim and move independently in the pelagic zone?
• Which structure anchors seaweeds to the substrate?
• Which term describes a layering where deeper layers are denser than those above?
• Which group includes gentle aquatic herbivores like manatees and dugongs?
• Which term denotes a group of red algae?
• Which distribution pattern describes evenly spaced individuals due to competition or territoriality?
• The arrangement of individuals in a population across the landscape?
• Which phylum includes insects, arachnids, and crustaceans?
• Which depth zone is commonly defined as between 1000 and 4000 meters?
• What is the name for the zone between the polar cell and the Ferrel cell?
• Which term refers to the seabed community and environments?
• Which group includes organisms that can swim actively and move independently of currents?
• Which organism is a microscopic plankton with a silica shell, often used in paleoceanography?
• Which current study method measures the current as it flows past a fixed object?
• Which term describes the mass flow of water linked to the passage of tidal crests or troughs?
• Which unit is named in honor of Sverdrup?
• Which scientist is credited with pioneering the understanding of extra-tropical cyclones?
• Which coastal landform is created by wave erosion at the base of cliffs, forming a flat bench?
• Which estuary is specifically a fjord inlet that remains connected to the sea and has a brackish water at its mouth?
• Which term describes the wind-driven wave that forms due to surface wind action?
• Which term is a graph showing the relationship of temperature and salinity with depth?
• Which organism is a small pelagic mollusk known as a sea butterfly?
• Which statement best describes environmental resistance?
• Swash is best described as:
• Which phylum is characterized by a water vascular system?
• Which term describes the arrangement of biological classification into ranked levels, such as kingdom, phylum, and class?
• Which term is a phylum of marine invertebrates that includes starfish and sea urchins?
• ENSO stands for which of the following?
• Which term describes a standing wave pattern formed by resonance in a basin due to tidal or meteorological forces?
• Which term describes a marine plant that forms beds in shallow coastal waters?
• Which sediment type forms from the evaporation of seawater and precipitation of minerals such as halite?
• In sonar, the region where acoustic signals are not received due to refraction is called?
• An unusual rise in sea level as a result of the low atmospheric pressure and strong winds associated with a tropical cyclone. Onrushing sea water proceeds landfall and causes most of the damage to life and property.
• Which coastal vegetation is adapted to saturated soils and typically has pneumatophores?
• Which term is the line along which waters of different density converge, forming the boundaries between climate zones?
• Which term describes an organism that consumes organic matter for energy?
• What term refers to water rushing out of an enclosed harbor or bay because of the fall in sea level as a tide trough approaches?
• Which term describes the belt of deserts and dry air around 30 degrees latitude, where Sahara is located?
• Which whale suborder includes baleen whales?
• A Sea Island is typically formed by:
• Which term denotes the phylum consisting of animals with pore-bearing bodies and no true tissues?
• Which term describes a sediment particle sized between gravel and silt, commonly forming beaches and deserts?
• A thermostatic property is defined as:
• What is the transfer of heat through matter by direct particle-to-particle contact called?
• What term describes the depth where photosynthesis balances respiration in the water column?
• What is the meteorological feature described as a low-pressure, mid-latitude weather system characterized by converging winds and ascending air that rotates counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere?
• Acoustical Tomography senses differences in which properties to study ocean structure?
• In a marine food web, which trophic level includes organisms that feed on primary producers?
• Viscosity is a measure of which property of a fluid?
• Which landform is formed at a river mouth by sediment deposition, often expanding into a fan-shaped area?
• Which technique studies ocean structure by emitting low-frequency sound pulses to detect variations in water temperature, salinity, and movement below the surface?
• Which process best explains the formation of an atoll?
• Which progressive wave has particles move in closed circles?
• Boundary between the polar cell and the Ferrel cell in each hemisphere.
• Which rock type forms the seabed crust and has a density of about 2.9 g/cm^3?
• What characterizes a Partially Mixed Estuary?
• Simultaneous wind waves of many wavelengths forming a chaotic ocean surface.
• Vertebrata refers to animals with what characteristic?
• Which term refers to a sea urchin?
• Which term refers to organisms that cannot tolerate significant changes in salinity?
• What term describes the evolution of similar traits in unrelated species due to similar environmental pressures?
• Which term describes a tide that is influenced by weather and can be affected by storm surge or wind?
• Which organism group includes plants and some bacteria that synthesize their own organic matter?
• What is the horizontal distance between two successive wave crests (or troughs) in a progressive wave?
• Which term refers to a former order that included terrestrial carnivorans?
• What is the name of the theoretical model describing how wind affects surface water and causes depth-varying flow?
• Which single-celled marine organism forms calcium carbonate shells called tests?
• Which taxonomic class includes snails and slugs?
• Which term explains the separation of waves by wavelength as they propagate away from where they formed?
• Which term describes a coastline dominated by erosion, featuring cliffs and sea-cut platforms?
• Which is the outermost solid layer of Earth, the top of the lithosphere?
• The rigid portion of Earth's mantle below the asthenosphere.
• What defines a molecule?
• Which term is a global-scale circulation phenomenon linked to ENSO cycles?
• Which term refers to warm carbonate sand grains formed by ooids?
• Which term is used for the speed at which the energy in a wave group travels?
• Pycnocline definition.
• Which term denotes the energy input that starts wave formation?
• Photic Zone process.
• Which group includes manatees and dugongs?
• What is the general term for the mass horizontal movement of seawater?
• A Sea Island is best described as:
• Which term describes the density, typically expressed in grams per cubic centimeter?
• Which process increases the frequency of advantageous heritable traits in a population?
• Which statement best describes Nematoda?
• Which term describes organisms anchored to a substrate and do not move?
• What is the strong western boundary current of the North Atlantic, off the Atlantic coast of the United States?
• The irregular imaginary line of thermal equilibrium between hemispheres, situated about 5 degrees North of the geographical equator and its positions changes with the seasons, moving slightly North in northern summer.
• In marine vertebrates, osmoregulation in gills is primarily mediated by which cells?
• The brittle, relatively cool outer layer of Earth, consisting of the oceanic and continental crust and the outermost, rigid layer of mantle.
• Which term describes a body symmetry with a central axis?
• Which protist is characterized by a complex cell covering and two flagella?
• Which term refers to the physical environment where an organism lives?
• Which term refers to the continental margin near an area of lithospheric plate convergence, also known as the Pacific-type Margin?
• Which structure acts as the anchor for many seaweeds to attach to substrates?
• Which term describes a circular movement of water usually formed where currents pass obstructions or between two adjacent currents?
• Biodiversity refers to which of the following?
• What circulation pattern describes the rise of deep, cold, nutrient-rich water to the surface?
• Which phenomenon describes a southward flowing warm water current off the western coast of South America caused by breakdown of trade winds?
• Which sediment type is formed by ooids presenting concentric layers around a nucleus?
• Which system provides a two-dimensional image of the seafloor by recording intensity of returned echoes along a line?
• A single wave crest much higher than usual due to constructive interference.
• Which tidal pattern has two high tides and two low tides each lunar day, with the highs nearly equal in height?
• Which crust type is predominantly composed of granitic rocks and forms the landmasses?
• Refraction concept.
• Which term best describes the strong, warm, concentrated, fast-moving current along the western boundary of an ocean basin?
• Which term denotes the broad, flat, sediment-covered ocean floor located far from continents?
• Which coastal feature is formed primarily by longshore drift transporting sand parallel to the coast?
• What is the term for vertical movement in surface water caused by wind?
• An extratropical cyclone forms at the front between which two atmospheric cells?
• What is the basic unit of an element that consists of a nucleus and electrons?
• Which term refers to the electromagnetic radiation visible to the human eye?
• The point in the orbit of a satellite where it is closest to the sun.
• Which marine zone extends from the low tide line to the edge of the continental shelf?
• What term refers to a sedimentary deposit formed by a turbidity current?
• Which term specifically refers to reef-building corals?
• What term describes non-living environmental influences such as temperature and light that shape organisms' life processes?
• Which statement best defines temperature in the context of oceanography?
• In the Ekman Spiral, deeper layers drift progressively to which direction relative to the surface flow in the Northern Hemisphere?
• Which term describes a long stretch of coastline that acts as a sediment-management unit with connected beaches and headlands?
• Which cycle involves the exchange of carbon among the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms?
• Which term describes the movement of nitrogen through living systems and the environment?
• Which term describes the highest level consumer in a marine food chain that preys on other consumers?
• The discovery and study of submerged contours is called what?
• Which feature best defines a Sandbar?
• Which term refers to a solution with equal solute concentration inside and outside the cell?
• Which relationship explains why small aquatic organisms exchange substances with their environment more rapidly on a per-gram basis than larger organisms?
• Which term describes the maximum wave height achievable under a given wind condition?
• Which device is used to sample sediment from the seafloor and is known as the clamshell sampler?
• Which symmetry type is common in cnidarians and echinoderms?
• Which term refers to animals with a spinal column?
• Which class includes starfish and sea urchins?
• Which type of bond involves sharing electrons between atoms?
• Which term describes the layer of the ocean where the sound channel exists, enabling long-range acoustic propagation?
• Which term describes the vertical distance between the crest and trough of a wave?
• Which term refers to nitrogen present as organic molecules dissolved in water?
• Which microorganisms are primarily responsible for oxidizing ammonium to nitrite and nitrite to nitrate in the nitrogen cycle?
• Region where plates are moving apart and new ocean or rift valley forms; spreading center forms the junction.
• Which French scientist (1792-1843) worked out the mathematics of the motion of bodies on a rotating surface, the Coriolis effect?
• What term describes a large body of air with nearly uniform temperature, humidity, and density?
• Which discipline focuses on the order of rock layers and their relative ages?
• Which landform is a sandbank formed parallel to the coast and produced by longshore drift?
• What is the zone of rising air near the equator known for sultry air and variable breezes?
• Which term refers to Earth's central solid sphere?
• Which reef forms directly along the coastline in shallow tropical waters, often extending from the shore?
• What term refers to mature wind-driven waves of one wavelength that form orderly undulations on the ocean surface?
• Which weather system is a low-pressure area with winds circulating counter-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere?
• The branch of geology that deals with the arrangement of sedimentary layers and their relative ages is called?
• Which current is a weak, cold, diffuse, slow-moving current at the Eastern boundary, examples include the Canary and Humboldt currents?
• Which ocean depth zone is typically the deep, dark zone from about 4000 to 6000 meters?
• Which term describes the skeletons of sharks and rays composed primarily of cartilage?
• Which property describes the cohesive force at the air-water interface, affecting droplet formation?
• Which area is the sheltered, brackish transition zone where a river meets the sea?
• What is the sedimentary bed deposited by turbidity currents called?
• Which term describes the deep ocean zone associated with trenches?
• Which tide occurs at two-week intervals and involves a maximum difference between high and low tides?
• Within echinoderms, Ophiuroidea are most closely related to which group?
• The canonical Ekman transport is 90 degrees to the right of the wind in which hemisphere?
• Which term describes planktonic organisms large enough to be seen with the naked eye, such as jellyfish?
• Which statement distinguishes Platyhelminthes from Nematoda?
• What term describes random heritable changes in DNA that can lead to new traits?
• Which term describes the energy required to change a solid to a liquid at the melting point without a temperature change?
• Which term describes the leaf-like blade of many macroalgae?
• What term names the view that Earth’s surface features were formed by catastrophic events rather than slow, gradual processes?
• A wave in which energy travels in one direction along the surface.
• Which term describes an organism that cannot synthesize its own organic compounds and must obtain energy by consuming others?
• What is a Sand Spit?
• In an atom, the nucleus contains?
• Which term describes the order of fully aquatic mammals such as whales and dolphins?
• A diagram showing the distribution of energy or biomass among trophic levels in an ecosystem is called a ...
• What term describes the gradually sloping submerged extension of a continent, composed of granitic rock overlain by sediments, with features similar to the edge of the nearby continent?
• Which term describes the spatial pattern of individuals with no apparent pattern?
• Isostatic Equilibrium is best described as the balanced support of lighter material in a heavier, displaced supporting matrix; analogous to buoyancy.
• What is the imaginary line at 0 degrees latitude called in geography, equidistant from both poles?
• Which term serves as a long-term reference for sea surface height, representing the average over many years?
• Commensalism is best defined as?
• Which taxonomic group includes many red seaweed species and is represented by Rhodophyta?
• What is the rigid silica cell wall of diatoms called?
• Which structure is designed to protect harbor entrances by dissipating approaching waves?
• What term is the reference level from which tidal height is measured?
• Which term stands for the depth at which calcium carbonate begins to dissolve faster than it accumulates?
• Which relationship benefits both species?
• Ocean wave conditions at a specific place and time, usually stated in the Beaufort scale.
• Which organisms form the base of the food web by converting inorganic carbon into organic matter?
• Which coastal feature is a steep face formed by the retreat of the beach due to erosion?
• What term refers to the crest of the wave causing tides; not a tsunami or seismic sea wave?
• What is the boundary between two air masses of different density, often caused by differences in temperature and humidity?
• Which term refers to the open-water portion of the ocean's water column, away from the shore and bottom?
• The unit used to express water temperature on the Celsius scale is?
• Which term refers to a tidal cycle with two high tides and two low tides per day, but with unequal heights between high tides?
• Which term best describes the collective community of drifting organisms in the ocean, including plants and animals?
• Which term describes the uppermost ocean layer affected by wind mixing and sunlight?
• What term refers to the hard, fibrous substance in the exoskeletons of arthropods and cell walls of fungi?
• What term describes carbon-containing organic compounds dissolved in water?
• Which phylum includes animals with a dorsal hollow nerve cord at some life stage?
• The energy content of food is commonly expressed in kilocalories; one kilocalorie equals 4184 joules.
• Which term describes a progressive wave that continues to be influenced by the forces that formed it?
• Which term describes the evolution of similar traits in unrelated species due to similar environmental pressures?
• A reversal of airflow between normally low atmospheric pressure over the western Pacific; the cause of El Nino.
• What term is the point in the orbit of a satellite where it is farthest from the main body?
• Which term describes free-floating organisms that drift with currents and cannot swim against them?
• Which term describes the open-ocean environment beyond the continental shelf?
• What term is the point in a satellite's orbit where it is farthest from the Sun?
• Which process turns loose sediment into rock?
• A current flowing beneath a surface current, usually in the opposite direction.
• In which ocean layer is dissolved oxygen commonly at its lowest in many regions?
• Which term refers to a sea state with many wavelengths creating a chaotic surface?
• What term describes the wearing away of coastlines by waves, currents, and weathering?
• Which term denotes a taxonomic level used in classification that groups related organisms?
• Which subatomic particle has positive charge?
• Which term best describes a mechanical wave that travels through water and is the basis of underwater sound communication?
• Which term refers to the circular movement pattern of water particles at the air-sea interface?
• Which term describes a defined geographic or vertical region within a marine ecosystem?
• Which term describes the irregular line of thermal balance near the equator?
• The atmospheric circulation cell centered over each pole.
• Which term describes the energy required to change a liquid to a gas at its boiling point?
• What term describes a low-pressure weather system in the tropics with winds circulating counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere, which can intensify into hurricanes or typhoons?
• A chemical bond that involves sharing electrons between two nonmetal atoms is called a covalent bond.
• Which term describes extremely small plankton, typically less than 2 micrometers, including many cyanobacteria?
• Area of irregular, seismically inactive topography marking the position of a once-active transform fault.
• On shore movement of air as inland air heats and rises.
• Which coastal current runs parallel to the shore and is driven by waves arriving at an angle?
• What is the outermost solid surface of the Earth beneath ocean floor sediments, composed primarily of basalt?
• Which coastal landform develops at a river mouth through the accumulation of sediments to form a fan-shaped area?
• Which term describes organisms that live on or at the seabed?
• Which term describes the ability of a substance to store thermal energy, defined as the amount of heat required to raise its temperature by 1°C?
• Which term refers to the phylum that includes sea stars, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers?
• What term describes a long-wavelength, shallow-water wave caused by rapid displacement of water?
• Which term denotes the membranes involved in respiration for aquatic organisms?
• Which term refers to the long-range underwater sound channel used for detection at great distances?
• Which term describes the sequential replacement of species in an ecosystem after a disturbance?
• Photic Zone: Which layer is sunlit for photosynthesis?
• Backshore zones are typically exposed to waves under which conditions?
• Liquid or solid water that falls from the air and reaches the surface as rain, hail, or snowfall.
• A rapid and large increase in plankton biomass, often driven by nutrient upwelling or light, is known as what?
• What is the raised ridge at the back of a beach formed by deposited sediments called?
• Which microscopic plankton has a silica-based skeleton and is used in paleoceanography as indicators?
• Which term refers to the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in respiration?
• What process involves the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from higher to lower water potential?
• Which landform is a sandbank that runs roughly parallel to the shoreline and is formed by the deposition from longshore drift?
• Which term describes a progressive wave occurring at the boundary between liquids of different densities?
• What term is the valley between wave crests below the average water level in a progressive wave?
• Which term describes the rapid energy impact of breaking waves on coastal organisms?
• What term describes the number of wave crests passing a fixed point per unit time?
• Which term describes synchronized movement in a coordinated group of fish?
• Which term refers to sediment formed by minerals precipitated directly from seawater?
• Refractive Index.
• What biogeochemical cycle involves the transformations of nitrogen through fixation, nitrification, assimilation, and denitrification?
• The formation of layers in a material, with deeper layers denser than above.
• Which term describes organisms that are planktonic only during larval or juvenile stages?
• A wave in water shallower than 1/20 its wavelength is called which type?
• Tunicates are invertebrate marine animals also known as which of the following?
• Which term describes the ecological change in community structure over time after a disturbance?
• Which term describes upwelling that occurs adjacent to a coast, usually induced by wind?
• What term describes the condition in which total heat entering a system equals total heat leaving?
• Which term describes a mass of hot, buoyant mantle material that rises through the mantle and may contribute to hotspot volcanism?
• Which structure is used for gas exchange in many aquatic animals, including fish?
• Teleostei are a major group of which fishes?
• In biology, who is credited with developing the binomial scientific naming system?
• Which process describes the mixing of two water masses with identical densities but different temperatures and salinities, resulting in a denser mixture?
• Which statement describes a typical feature of Nematoda?
• The abrupt increase in slope at the junction between continental shelf and continental slope.
• Which property change defines a halocline in the ocean?
• Which tide theory assumes Earth is covered by an ocean of great and uniform depth capable of instantaneous response to the gravitational and inertial forces of the sun and moon?
• Which zone lies below the low tide line and extends to the edge of the continental shelf, remaining submerged year-round?
• Which coastal feature is the depression that lies between the shore and offshore longshore bars?
• The height of the ocean surface averaged over a few years is known as what?
• Which term denotes sediment formed when minerals precipitate within the water and accumulate on the seafloor?
• What term describes a rapid, global loss of a large number of species?
• Which boundary is defined by plates moving apart, forming new ocean crust?
• Addition or subtraction of wave energy as waves interact, also called resonance.
• What is the buoyant organ found in some large brown algae that helps maintain vertical position?
• Which process describes heat transfer in fluids by the bulk movement of the fluid itself?
• Which term describes non-living environmental influences such as temperature, salinity, and light that shape ecological interactions?
• Which fjord that has an estuarine environment at its mouth?
• Which term refers to a solution with higher solute concentration outside the cell, causing water to move out?
• In the Hadley cell, where does air rise and where does it sink?
• Which term refers to baleen whales that filter feed?
• Which tide is associated with the Sun's gravity rather than the Moon's?
• Which phylum includes snails, clams, and squids?
• Which tissue forms the skeleton of sharks?
• Which term describes a fracture in a rock mass along which movement has occurred?
• Which term describes the calcareous or siliceous shells of microscopic marine organisms that accumulate on the seafloor?
• Which term denotes small free-floating animals in aquatic ecosystems?
• Which term refers to a photosynthetic bacteria commonly found in marine environments?
• What sampling device is used to recover long, undisturbed sediment cores from the seabed?
• Which term describes a gradual change in wave direction due to varying depths?
• Odontoceti are characterized by which feature?
• Which equation expresses the velocity of shallow-water waves as the square root of gravity times depth?
• Which specialized stinging cell is characteristic of cnidarians?
• What refers to the vertical distance between a crest and the adjacent troughs?
• Which term refers to a disturbance caused by the movement of energy through a medium?
• What term describes a single closed-flow circuit of rising warm material and falling cool material?
• A sudden motion of Earth's crust caused by faulting or volcanic activity.
• What is the term for the gently sloping sandy shore that forms along a coastline?
• One of several periods of relatively low temperature during the last million years that lowered sea level by at least 100 meters.
• Turbulence in the ocean primarily drives which process?
• Which scientist established the binomial nomenclature system used to name species?
• What is the long-term average of weather in a given area?
• The wedge of sediment forming the gentle transition from the outer (lower) edge of the continental slope to the abyssal plain; usually associated with passive margins.
• Estuaries often contain brackish water due to mixing of
• Which term denotes the process of moving substances across a membrane with energy, often against a gradient?
• Which coastal zone lies between the high-tide line and the low-tide line?
• Which group performs photosynthesis and forms the base of most marine food webs in the sunlit zone?
• Which term describes sediment formed from extraterrestrial matter such as tektites?
• Osmoregulation refers to
• Which term describes a feeding method that relies on filtering particles suspended in water?
• What is the name for a large tropical cyclone in the North Atlantic or Eastern Pacific with winds exceeding 118 km/h?
• The siliceous cell walls of diatoms are called what?
• Passive sonar.
• Which field of geology studies layered sedimentary rocks and their relative ages?
• Which layer beneath the lithosphere is characterized as the hot, partially molten region that drives plate motion?
• Which term describes a breaking wave where the crest slides down the front face of the wave?
• Which term refers to a device used to collect plankton from seawater?
• Which term refers to the foamy water that rushes toward shore after a wave breaks?
• An atoll is best described as:
• Which classification system is defined as artificial, based on a few simple criteria rather than evolutionary relationships?
• What term describes a progressive wave free of the forces that formed it?
• Which taxonomic group includes segmented worms such as bristle worms?
• Which group comprises cartilaginous fishes like sharks and rays?
• Which organisms carry out denitrification, converting nitrates into nitrogen gas in anaerobic conditions?
• The acronym ENSO represents the coupled phenomena of El Niño and which oscillation?
• What is the gaseous, invisible form of water?
• Which term describes the raised, flat area at the back of a beach formed by ongoing sediment deposition?
• Which term is associated with the exchange of gases between an organism and its environment?
• Which structure is a whip-like appendage used by many protists for locomotion?
• Which coastal feature forms across the mouth of a bay and may trap a lagoon behind it?
• Circulation pattern in which surface water moves vertically downward.
• Which term represents the solid inorganic material that makes up rocks and sediments?
• Which coloration strategy involves resembling the background to avoid detection?
• The point in the orbit of a satellite where it is closest to the main body.
• Which feature is the elevated boundary at the active spreading center where oceanic plates move apart, often described as a mid-ocean ridge?
• Which phylum contains the class Cephalopoda?
• What is the apparent deflection of a moving object from its initial course due to Earth's rotation, deflecting to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere?
• Which coastal zone lies between high and low tide lines and is regularly wetted by waves?
• Which passive process moves molecules from high to low concentration without energy input?
• What term describes the total solar energy received by Earth during a period and the total heat lost by reflection and radiation in the same period?
• Which term describes the gently sloping submerged extension of a continent, granitic rock overlain by sediments, with features similar to the edge of the nearby continent?
• Which term refers to the general category of unconsolidated material at the Earth’s surface, including various grain sizes?
• A unit of volume transport named in honor of oceanographer Harald U. Sverdrup: 1 million cubic meters of water flowing past a fixed point each second.
• Which term describes a close, long-term interaction between two different species?
• What term denotes the rate at which producers generate biomass in an ecosystem?
• What term describes the net transport of water resulting from the Ekman spiral?
• Which term would you use to describe a barrier–oriented construction that intercepts longshore drift and creates a sheltered water behind it, often requiring maintenance?
• Barrier Reefs are described as:
• For deep-water waves, which relationship holds between velocity C, wavelength L, and period T?
• What is the term for a heritable change in the DNA sequence?
• Backshore is the part of the shore that is:
• In temperate oceans, a pronounced thermocline is most likely found in which depth range during warm seasons?
• What term describes the pattern of alternating strong and weak wave heights due to interference, often called a beating pattern?
• Which marine zone lies near the surface over the continental shelf?
• In a marine food web, what term describes a predator at the top of the chain with no natural enemies?
• The mass movement of air is defined as what?
• In a water molecule, how many types of atoms are present?
• Light bending phenomenon.
• A coastline characterized by strong wave action and powerful coastal erosion processes is known as what?
• Which unit is used to measure energy content in food?
• Which sediment grain size category ranges from 0.0625 to 2 millimeters?
• A shallow coastal water body that is separated from the open sea by a barrier is called what?
• Which process is the microbial loop primarily associated with recycling dissolved organic matter in the marine environment?
• Which term describes a tsunami caused by displacement of the earth along a fault?
• Which formula relates wave phase speed C to gravity g and depth d for shallow-water waves?
• Which term denotes the class that includes humans and whales?
• What term describes a flat-topped, submerged, inactive volcano?
• Which term describes the free-swimming life stage of cnidarians?
• Which coastal zone lies between the high and low tide marks and is frequently sculpted by wave action?
• What is the innermost layer of Earth, primarily iron with nickel?
• Which type of symmetry do most animals, including humans, exhibit?
• Which term denotes a parasite-host interaction?
• Which marine zone lies below the intertidal zone and remains underwater at all times, often extending to the continental shelf?
• Which term describes the daytime onshore flow from sea to land as the land heats?
• In biological classification, a phylum is best described as
• Which term denotes the layer of the upper ocean where light penetrates and mixing occurs, commonly called the surface layer?
• Which estuary condition describes a body of water with uniform salinity due to strong mixing?
• Ecology is defined as the study of:
• Antarctic Bottom Water forms primarily in which area?
• What term describes precipitation and wind produced by the meeting of two air masses associated with an extratropical cyclone, typically with one air mass sliding over or under the other?
• Cartilage is best described as which type of tissue?
• Which term is used to describe the group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring?
• Which term denotes the deepest oceanic zone, characterized by trenches and extreme pressures?
• What term measures the disorder of a system in thermodynamics?
• What is the term for the mass movement of air?
• Which feature consists of rounded masses of metal oxides and hydroxides commonly found on the deep-sea floor?
• Which term denotes the group of green algae?
• Sediment deriving primarily from land erosion and river transport is known as?
• Which factor characterizes a Partially Mixed Estuary?
• Which term refers to the subphylum that includes lobsters and shrimps?
• Which seafloor feature is a circular or elliptical projection rising more than 1 kilometer with a steep slope?
• Which feature corresponds to a small sediment-covered inactive volcano or intrusion of molten rock less than 200 meters high, thought to be associated with seafloor spreading?
• Which term describes reef-building corals that secrete calcium carbonate skeletons?
• Which term refers to organisms that tolerate only a narrow range of temperatures?
• Environmental resistance refers to:
• Which term describes the slowing and bending of progressive waves in shallow water?
• Which term refers to the detection of objects by emitting sound and listening for echoes?
• Which equipment provides a nadir-free, swath image of the seafloor by emitting side-by-side pings?
• In marine ecology, which term describes the physical setting used by an organism to survive?
• Which term describes manganese-rich rock particles found on the ocean floor?
• What term refers to a spring of hot, mineral- and gas-rich seawater found on ocean ridges in zones of active seafloor spreading?
• Which term refers to the sediment composed mainly of clay particles?
• What term refers to the length of time the wind blows over the ocean surface, a factor in wind wave development?
• Which term describes a nutrient that varies with biological activity rather than being transported conservatively by physical processes?
• Which term denotes sediments that settle through the water column away from coastlines?
• Which term refers to the model of tides that postulates an Earth with uniform depth ocean and instantaneous response to solar and lunar gravity?
• Climax community is best described as?
• What is the term for the small net transport of water in the direction of a traveling wind wave?
• What term describes substances required by living organisms in relatively large amounts for growth and metabolism, such as nitrates and phosphates?
• Which life stage of cnidarians is free-swimming and bell-shaped?
• Which current encircles Antarctica and is driven by westerly winds?
• Which term denotes microscopic algae with silica-based shells that contribute to siliceous ooze?
• Which term best describes sediment composed of the calcareous shells of marine microorganisms such as foraminifera?
• Which theory/model of tides accounts for finite ocean depth, basin resonances, and the interference of continents on tide waves?
• Which term describes a dorsal-ventral color pattern that helps camouflage?
• Which sediment is defined as sediment of biological origin formed from calcareous or siliceous debris?
• Which coast type is characterized by retreat and cliff erosion with little sediment deposition?
• Mass flow of water; the term is usually reserved for horizontal movement.
• What is the term for the rigid mantle layer situated below the asthenosphere?
• Which term describes an organism that can tolerate a wide range of salinities and is common in estuaries?
• Which zone experiences immersion and exposure due to tides?
• Which feeding method involves filtering small particles suspended in water?
• Which term describes the steep transition between continental crust and oceanic crust at the edge of a continent?
• What instrument is used to obtain long, continuous sediment cores from the seabed?
• In an ecosystem, which factor includes interactions among living organisms such as predation and competition?
• What term describes a spring of hot, mineral- and gas-rich seawater found on some oceanic ridges?
• What term describes a tidal cycle of one high tide and one low tide per day?
• What is the basic unit of matter that defines each element?
• What term refers to organisms that thrive in extreme environmental conditions?
• A wave in which the water is deeper than one-half of its wavelength is termed a...
• Which term describes the network of feeding relationships showing who eats whom in an ecosystem?
• Which process enables certain microorganisms to synthesize organic matter using energy derived from chemical reactions, not sunlight?
• The temperature above which a material loses its magnetism.
• Which term refers to the reef-building ecosystem found in warm, clear marine waters?
• Which atmospheric circulation cell is the middle cell in each hemisphere, with rising air around 60 degrees latitude and sinking around 30 degrees latitude?
• Which zone is the twilight layer of the ocean where there is some light but not enough for photosynthesis?
• Which subatomic particle carries a negative charge and orbits the nucleus?
• What term is the time between successive wave crests passing a fixed point?
• Which term is the deep-ocean floor made of basaltic crust?
• Which interaction benefits one organism at the expense of the other?
• In a Salt Wedge Estuary, the interface between saltwater and freshwater is typically:
• The body of a seaweed is called a
• Which term best describes the general land-sea boundary along a shoreline?
• What term describes a group of waves of similar wavelength and period moving in the same direction across the ocean surface?
• What term describes a gyre or current in balance between the Coriolis effect and gravity, literally meaning 'turned by Earth'?
• What term describes the tidal levels and character which would result from gravitational effects, e.g. of the Earth, Sun and Moon, without any atmospheric influences?
• Which tide occurs when Earth, Moon, Sun form a right angle, resulting in the smallest tidal variation?
• Which coastal ecosystem is built by colonies of corals in warm, shallow seas?
• What is the restoring force for Capillary Waves?
• The long-term average of weather in a region is what?
• Which term describes the height-to-wavelength ratio representing the theoretical maximum steepness in shallow water?
• Which landform is an elongated hill of glacial material deposited parallel to glacial movement?
• Which term describes a body of seawater with relatively uniform properties that moves as a unit?
• Which pigment is essential for capturing light energy in photosynthesis?
• Which term refers to sediment derived from extraterrestrial sources such as microtektites?
• Which term is used for the distance between successive wave crests or troughs in a progressive wave?
• A device that measures the amount and direction of residual magnetism in a rock sample.
• Which atmospheric circulation cell lies closest to the equator in each hemisphere, with rising air near the equator and sinking at about 30 degrees latitude?
• What term describes the separation of wind waves by wavelength as they move away from the fetch?
• Which term describes marine plants that form underwater meadows in shallow seas?
• A high, often breaking wave generated by a tide crest that advances rapidly up an estuary or river.
• What term describes the zones of irregular horizontal surface air circulation near 30 degrees North and 30 degrees South latitudes, where dry air descending from high altitudes can create deserts such as the Sahara?
• The line along which waters of different density converge, forming boundaries between major climate zones?
• Which circulation is driven by density differences arising from temperature and/or salinity?
• What term describes the microbial pathway that channels dissolved organic matter back into the food web via bacteria and microzooplankton?
• Which statement describes a rip current?
• In oceanography, which term describes the upper ocean layer that is well mixed, with relatively uniform properties?
• Which tide is caused by gravitational and inertial interaction of the moon and Earth?
• Which term describes heat that changes temperature but does not involve a phase change?
• Brown algae are classified in which phylum?
• Which term describes single-celled photosynthetic organisms?
• What is the region between the breaking waves and the shore called?
• Density gradient pycnocline layer.
• What term describes periodic short-term change in the ocean surface height at a location, caused by gravitational force and inertia?
• Which term refers to the energy that causes a wave to form?
• Which scientist (1862-1951) pioneered the understanding of extra-tropical cyclones?
• What term describes the state of the atmosphere at a specific place and time?
• Proton placement.
• Which term describes the bending of waves around obstacles?
• A tide influenced by the weather; storm surge arrival will alter the tide's height or arrival time, as will a strong, steady onshore or offshore wind.
• What does the acronym CCD stand for in marine geology?
• Which term is used to name a species by its formal Latin binomial?
• A wave with wavelength greater than 1.73 cm whose restoring forces are gravity and momentum is called what?
• In addition to the five gyres, which major current is recognized around Antarctica?
• What term refers to the submerged outer edge of a continent, made of granitic crust and including the shelf and slope?
• Which term denotes a long-term biological interaction between two species living in close proximity?
• Ophiuroidea are characterized by
• A substance composed of two or more elements chemically combined in fixed proportions is a compound.
• Which term describes a factor that limits population growth or distribution in an environment?
• Which upwelling occurs when water moving westward near the equator is deflected poleward and replaced by nutrient-rich deep water?
• Which term refers to the attachment of surfaces or molecules?
• What is the theory that the continents move slowly across the Earth's surface?
• Which boundary is characterized by plates colliding and high seismic activity?
• Which term includes creatures such as snails and slugs?
• Which organism is a photosynthetic protist often responsible for red tides?
• Curving chain of volcanic islands and seamounts almost always found paralleling the concave edge of a trench.
• Which term describes the ability of a substance to float in a fluid?
• The continental margin near an area of lithospheric plate divergence; also called an Atlantic-type margin.
• What term is the difference in height between consecutive high and low tides?
• Water circulation produced by differences in temperature and/or salinity (and therefore density).
• Which term denotes the transfer of heat through matter by direct particle contact between molecules?
• Which mollusk class includes snails and slugs?
• Which group includes all mammals?
• Which surface wind pattern forms within the Hadley cells around 15 degrees latitude, blowing from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere?
• Desiccation is best described as?
• Which statement about euryhaline organisms is correct?
• In the context of air mass boundaries, which term describes the boundary between air masses of different density?
• What is a hydrogen bond?
• Which term describes the body of a seaweed that is not differentiated into true roots, stems, or leaves?
• The notochord is best described as
• Which process describes energy being absorbed rather than reflected or transmitted?
• Which term describes organisms capable of movement?
• Deep-ocean floor made of basaltic crust.
• Which description best characterizes a climax community?
• The time of greatest variation between high and low tides occurring when Earth, moon, sun form a straight line. Spring tides alternate with neap tides throughout the year, occurring at two-week intervals.
• The brown algae, commonly large seaweeds found in temperate coastal waters, belong to which division?
• What is the term for a plane along which rock masses slide horizontally past one another?
• A Sea Cliff is best described as:
• What is the term for a localized, narrow, violent funnel of wind formed when two air masses collide?
• Identify the term for shallow, wind-driven circulation of water in horizontal spiral bands.
• Which term describes a flowering land plant that produces seeds enclosed in an ovary?
• Which term refers to the energy required to convert a liquid to a gas at its boiling point?
• Which term refers to segmentation in animals?
• The sloping transition between the granite of the continent and the basalt of the seabed; the true edge of a continent.
• In seismology, which type of wave moves through the interior of the Earth rather than along the surface?
• Which term describes a close ecological relationship between two species living in proximity, often affecting both?
• Which coastal structure is built perpendicular to the shoreline to trap sand on the updrift side?
• Barrier Islands are:
• Young seabed at the active spreading center of an ocean, boundary between diverging plates; often called a mid-ocean ridge, though less than 60% of the length exists at mid-ocean.
• What is the buoyancy organ in many bony fishes?
• The Water-Vascular System is a characteristic feature of which group?
• Which term describes the point in a satellite's orbit where it is closest to the main body?
• Which term describes an animal that maintains its body temperature through metabolic heat?
• Which current is a strong, warm, concentrated, fast-moving current at the western boundary of an ocean basin (for example around the Gulf Stream or Kuroshio)?
• What term describes the solid masses of the continents, composed mainly of granite?
• Which term describes an organism that can tolerate a wide range of temperatures?
• Which term best describes a distribution where individuals are evenly spaced due to spacing mechanisms?
• Which term describes animals whose body temperature varies with the environment?
• Which term refers to the capacity to do work or drive biological processes?
• Deep Scattering Layer refers to?
• Which ocean zone is the deepest, generally dark and cold, roughly from 4000 to 6000 meters?
• Tide caused by the gravitational and inertial interaction of the sun and Earth.
• Local or regional atmospheric disturbances characterized by strong winds often accompanied by precipitation.
• A tiny wave with a wavelength less than 1.73 centimeters, whose restoring force is surface tension, is called a Capillary Wave.
• The number of individuals per unit area or volume?
• Which term best describes the layer of gas surrounding a planet?
• What is the largest ocean current that flows permanently eastward around Antarctica?
• Which sediment size is finer than sand but coarser than clay?
• What term denotes the outermost cool rigid layer consisting of crust and upper mantle?
• Which feature is a curved chain of volcanic islands and seamounts that forms parallel to the edge of a trench?
• Which term refers to the density measure?
• Which term describes the energy required for a substance to change from a solid to a liquid at its melting point without a change in temperature?
• What is a thermocline in the ocean?
• Which term describes the rate at which an organism uses energy to sustain life?
• Which statement correctly defines a biological community?
• Which zone in aquatic environments is the upper layer where light supports photosynthesis?
• The attraction between like molecules that contributes to water's surface tension is known as?
• During embryonic development in most vertebrates, the notochord is replaced by which structure?
• Which term describes the network of feeding relationships in an ecosystem?
• Which term is used to describe the long-range propagation of sound in the ocean due to refraction in the SOFAR channel?
• Which term describes the global-scale pattern of air movement that includes three circulation cells per hemisphere?
• Mass flow of water induced by the raising or lowering of sea level owing to passage of tidal crests or troughs.
• What term describes the average speed of the wind, a factor in wind wave development?
• Rip currents are best described as water moving:
• Brackish water is best described as water with what salinity range?
• Which term describes the energy stored in chemical bonds and available to do work in living systems?
• Which term describes sediments derived from erosion of land and deposited on the continental shelf?
• The Shore refers to:
• The temperature at which a liquid turns into a solid is known as what?
• Which term describes single-celled algae with calcareous plates that accumulate to form biogenic sediments?
• What term describes a standing wave in which there is no net transfer of energy?
• Which phylum includes earthworms and leeches?
• A group of individuals of the same species living in a given area?
• What is the densest ocean water mass, formed primarily in Antarctica's Weddell Sea during Southern Hemisphere winters?
• A time of no tide-induced currents that occurs when the current changes direction.
• Which term describes a surface current flowing in the opposite direction to an adjacent surface current?
• Which term is the sense used by bats and dolphins to locate objects by emitting sound and listening for echoes?
• Which ocean current is driven by powerful westerly winds north of Antarctica and is the largest ocean current, continuing permanently eastward?
• Desiccation adaptations help intertidal organisms to:
• Which term refers to the number of crests passing a fixed point per second?
• A device that reflects sound off the ocean bottom to sense water depth; accuracy affected by speed of sound in water.
• The layer of Earth between the crust and the core, composed of silicates of iron and magnesium. The mantle has an average density of about 4.5 g/cm^3 and accounts for about 68% of Earth's mass.
• Which bottom current flows around seabed projections rather than over them?
• What term is used for the resistance experienced by a moving organism in water?
• Which process converts energy from light or sound into heat within a material?
• Which coastal feature serves as a protective barrier extending into the sea to reduce wave energy at harbors?
• The point on Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake.
• What sediment forms directly by precipitation from seawater and is hydrogenous?
• Which organism is commonly classified as macroplankton?
• In ecological terms, a defined region within an ecosystem, such as littoral or sublittoral, is called a ...
• Pinnipedia includes which marine mammals?
• Which term is used to denote carbon-containing organic material dissolved in water?
• What is the term for the circuit of mid-latitude currents around the periphery of an ocean basin?
• Which of the following best describes the Deep Zone in the ocean?
• Which term refers to jawless fishes?
• Which term describes Linnaeus's approach to classifying living things into a hierarchical system?
• What term is used to describe the formal two-word Latin name given to a species?
• What is the theoretical maximum height attainable by ocean waves given wind strength, duration, and fetch?
• Which landform is a glacial valley that has been flooded by seawater, creating a sea-filled, U-shaped inlet?
• Which current study method relies on the movement of a drift bottle or other free-floating object?
• A narrow waterway that connects the open sea with a coastal lagoon, often between barrier islands, is called an what?
• Which term best describes mature wind-generated waves that have traveled away from their generation area?
• Which ocean zone is characterized by little to no sunlight?
• A breaking wave whose crest slides down the face is called what?
• Which term would most accurately describe a microorganism that thrives in extremely hot environments?
• Which term refers to the equatorial ITCZ, the region where the trade winds converge?
• Osteichthyes are defined by
• Which term refers to very small free-floating photosynthetic organisms that often dominate open-ocean surface waters?
• A ridge or mound of unconsolidated debris deposited by a glacier is called what?
• Which feature is defined as the equatorial region where the trade winds converge, usually near the meteorological equator?
• During which event does the eastern South Pacific surface temperature drop below average, usually at end of ENSO?
• The longshore transport of sediment along a shoreline, driven by oblique waves, is known as what?
• Backwash refers to:
• Which feature is used to remove excess salt in marine animals?
• Which mollusk class includes clams, mussels, and oysters?
• The low-water position corresponding to a tidal trough is called
• A surface expression of a plume of magma rising from a stationary heat source in the mantle is called a?
• Which term is the height-to-wavelength ratio representing the theoretical maximum steepness in shallow water?
• Which term describes the energy-transporting location around which tide crests rotate in some basins?
• What term refers to the envelope of gases surrounding a planet?
• Which class includes sea cucumbers?
• Which term is used for a basic progressive wave where the wave form travels in one direction along the surface?
• The Deep Zone of the ocean is characterized by?
• Which sediment type is characterized by a wide range of grain sizes due to poor sorting?
• Which feature is formed by wave erosion that creates hollow spaces in a cliff?
• What term describes the specialized aerial roots used by mangroves to facilitate gas exchange?
• What is the approximate density of Antarctic Bottom Water?
• What term denotes a wind-generated wave formed by wind action on the ocean surface?
• Which term denotes sediment of biological origin, consisting of calcareous or siliceous residues?
• Which term refers to the farthest point in a satellite's orbit from the Earth?
• Which landform forms at the mouth of a river when sediments are deposited to create a triangular area?
• Which term describes a group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring?
• Which wind system consists of surface winds in Ferrel cells near 45 degrees latitude, blowing from the southwest in the Northern Hemisphere and from the northwest in the Southern Hemisphere?
• Which term describes sediment of biological origin formed from the accumulation of organic remains such as shells?
• A coastline characterized by gentle waves and minimal sediment transport is described as what?
• The stalk that supports the blade in kelp is called the
• Which sediment is finer than sand and commonly forms in calm water conditions?
• Which type of pigments are non-chlorophyll pigments that expand light absorption range in photosynthesis?
• Which term describes organisms with a notochord at some life stage, including humans?
• Platyhelminthes are best described as
• Which term best describes the horizontal movement of surface water driven by wind?
• The Oxygen Revolution refers to the rise of oxygen in Earth's atmosphere and oceans primarily due to
• In waves, which type occurs when water depth is greater than half of the wavelength?
• Which term describes a surface wave in which water particles move in closed circles that decrease with depth?
• Which term denotes a small glassy particle formed by meteorite impact and found in ocean sediments?
• In the Northern Hemisphere, trade winds blow from which direction?
• Pendulum-like rocking of water in an enclosed area; a form of standing wave that can be caused by meteorological or seismic forces.
• Which organism is able to produce organic matter from inorganic sources using light or chemical energy?
• Nighttime offshore breeze moving air from land toward the sea.
• What term describes a progressive wave under the continuing influence of the forces that formed it?
• Electrons location.
• Which term refers to a shallow coastal water body that is separated from the sea by a barrier such as a sand spit or reef?
• What term describes the flat, cold, sediment-covered ocean floor between the continental rise and the oceanic ridge at depths of 3,700 to 5,500 meters?
• In a Salt Wedge Estuary, which describes the salinity arrangement?
• In the Ekman Spiral, the surface layer drifts at what angle to the wind in the Northern Hemisphere?
• Which group of organisms commonly forms the base of many aquatic food webs and performs photosynthesis?
• Which term describes a solution with lower solute concentration outside the cell than inside, causing water to move in?
• Which term describes organisms that spend their entire life cycle as plankton?
• Which term denotes the deepest oceanic zone?
• The mass per unit volume of a substance, usually expressed in grams per cubic centimeter.
• Cephalopoda, a class containing octopus and squid, belongs to which phylum?
• In a marine food web, what term describes an organism that eats primary producers?
• What is the uninterrupted distance over which the wind blows without a significant change in direction?
• Speed of advance of a wave train; for deep-water waves, half the speed of individual waves within the group is known as what?
• What term describes the current that flows parallel to the shore, generated by waves approaching at an angle?
• Which term captures the ecological role of an organism, including resources used and interactions?
• Molten rock capable of fluid flow; called lava above the ground.
• Zooxanthellae are crucial to the vitality of which ecosystem?
• What is carrying capacity in population ecology?
• Which term refers to organisms that can withstand only a narrow range of temperatures?
• The functional role of an organism in its ecosystem?
• Which sediment forms from precipitation of minerals directly from seawater?
• Which process uses chemical energy to synthesize organic matter, typical in hydrothermal vent ecosystems?
• Which organism is a crustacean zooplankton commonly found in marine ecosystems?
• Which principle states that energy transfer or transformation results in increased entropy and less usable energy?
• The term describing the physical condition of matter in terms of phases such as solid, liquid, or gas?
• Which organism is a photosynthetic prokaryote known for oxygenic photosynthesis in marine environments?
• Which distribution pattern is most commonly observed in patches where resources are unevenly distributed?
• A substance formed from two or more elements chemically combined in fixed proportions is a?
• In shallow water where depth is less than half the wavelength, which transition in particle motion occurs?
• Which term describes the periodic shedding of the exoskeleton in arthropods and some other invertebrates?
• Which group is known for a water vascular system used for movement and feeding?